Lowrance W, Dreicer R, Jarrard DF, Scarpato KR, Kim SK, Kirkby E, et al. Updates to Advanced Prostate Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline (2023). J Urol. 2023;209:1082–90.
Google Scholar
Raychaudhuri R, Lin DW, Montgomery RB. Prostate Cancer: A Review. JAMA. 2025;333:1433–46.
Google Scholar
Brave M, Weinstock C, Brewer JR, Chi D-C, Suzman DL, Cheng J, et al. An FDA Review of Drug Development in Nonmetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:4717–22.
Google Scholar
Armstrong AJ, Szmulewitz RZ, Petrylak DP, Holzbeierlein J, Villers A, Azad A, et al. ARCHES: A Randomized, Phase III Study of Androgen Deprivation Therapy With Enzalutamide or Placebo in Men With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:2974–86.
Google Scholar
Chi KN, Agarwal N, Bjartell A, Chung BH, Pereira de Santana Gomes AJ, Given R, et al. Apalutamide for Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:13–24.
Google Scholar
Saad F, Vjaters E, Shore N, Olmos D, Xing N, Pereira de Santana Gomes AJ, et al. Darolutamide in Combination With Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer From the Phase III ARANOTE Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42:4271–81.
Google Scholar
Saad F, Efstathiou E, Attard G, Flaig TW, Franke F, Goodman OB, et al. Apalutamide plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone versus placebo plus abiraterone and prednisone in metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (ACIS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:1541–59.
Google Scholar
Ning Y-M, Brave M, Maher VE, Zhang L, Tang S, Sridhara R, et al. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval Summary: Enzalutamide for the Treatment of Patients With Chemotherapy-Naïve Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Oncologist. 2015;20:960–6.
Google Scholar
Fizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, Ulys A, Vjaters E, Polyakov S, et al. Darolutamide in Nonmetastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1235–46.
Google Scholar
Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN, et al. Apalutamide Treatment and Metastasis-free Survival in Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1408–18.
Google Scholar
Halabi S, Jiang S, Terasawa E, Garcia-Horton V, Ayyagari R, Waldeck AR, et al. Indirect Comparison of Darolutamide versus Apalutamide and Enzalutamide for Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001767.
Myint ZW, Momo HD, Otto DE, Yan D, Wang P, Kolesar JM. Evaluation of Fall and Fracture Risk Among Men With Prostate Cancer Treated With Androgen Receptor Inhibitors. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2025826.
Google Scholar
Gyawali B, Jung EH, Mooney H, Avorn J, Kesselheim AS. Government Funding for the Development of Enzalutamide. JAMA Oncol. 2025;11:182–3.
Google Scholar
Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e297.
Google Scholar
Caram MEV, Estes JP, Griggs JJ, Lin P, Mukherjee B. Temporal and geographic variation in the systemic treatment of advanced prostate cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:258.
Google Scholar
Hafron J, Hong A, Ryan MJ, Romdhani H, Kinkead F, Flanders SC, et al. Study of persistence and adherence to ADT in prostate cancer: relugolix, degarelix, and GnRH agonists in the US. Future Oncol. 2025;21:1219–30.
Google Scholar
Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, Taplin M-E, Sternberg CN, Miller K, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1187–97.
Google Scholar
Davis ID, Martin AJ, Stockler MR, Begbie S, Chi KN, Chowdhury S, et al. Enzalutamide with Standard First-Line Therapy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:121–31.
Google Scholar
Sternberg, Fizazi CN, Saad K, Shore F, Giorgi ND, De U, et al. Enzalutamide and Survival in Nonmetastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2197–206.
Google Scholar
Shelan M, Achard V, Appiagyei F, Mose L, Zilli T, Fankhauser CD, et al. Role of enzalutamide in primary and recurrent non-metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: a systematic review of prospective clinical trials. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2024;27:422–31.
Google Scholar
Williams SCR, Mazibuko N, O’Daly O, Zurth C, Patrick F, Kappeler C, et al. Comparison of Cerebral Blood Flow in Regions Relevant to Cognition After Enzalutamide, Darolutamide, and Placebo in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Target Oncol. 2023;18:403–13.
Google Scholar
Mori K, Mostafaei H, Pradere B, Motlagh RS, Quhal F, Laukhtina E, et al. Apalutamide, enzalutamide, and darolutamide for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Clin Oncol. 2020;25:1892–1900.
Google Scholar
George DJ, Morgans AK, Constantinovici N, Khan N, Khan J, Chen G, et al. Androgen Receptor Inhibitors in Patients With Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2429783.
Google Scholar
Saad F, Hussain MHA, Tombal B, Fizazi K, Sternberg CN, Crawford ED, et al. Deep and Durable Prostate-specific Antigen Response to Darolutamide with Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Docetaxel, and Association with Clinical Outcomes for Patients with High- or Low-volume Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer: Analyses of the Randomized Phase 3 ARASENS Study. Eur Urol. 2024;86:329–39.
Google Scholar
Yang Y, Chen Y-Q, Huang L-Z, Chen Y. Cost-effectiveness analysis of second-generation androgen receptor antagonists for the treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1680002.
Google Scholar
Yoo M, Nelson RE, Haaland B, Dougherty M, Cutshall ZA, Kohli R, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of 7 treatments in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a public-payer perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2023;115:1374–82.
Google Scholar
Beebe-Dimmer JL, Ruterbusch JJ, Cooney KA, Bolton A, Schwartz K, Schwartz AG, et al. Racial differences in patterns of treatment among men diagnosed with de novo advanced prostate cancer: A SEER-Medicare investigation. Cancer Med. 2019;8:3325–35.
Google Scholar
Carlsson SV, Barata PC, Bryce AH, George DJ, Gillessen S, Loeb S, et al. Prostate Cancer Foundation White Paper on Combination Therapy for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. JCO Oncol Pr. 2025;21:1240–6.
Google Scholar
Carroll CE, Landrum MB, Wright AA, Keating NL. Adoption of Innovative Therapies Across Oncology Practices-Evidence From Immunotherapy. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9:324–33.
Google Scholar
Smith MR, Hussain M, Saad F, Fizazi K, Sternberg CN, Crawford ED, et al. Darolutamide and Survival in Metastatic, Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1132–42.
Google Scholar

