Kiss T. Small nucleolar RNAs: an abundant group of noncoding RNAs with diverse cellular functions. Cell. 2002;109:145–8.
Google Scholar
Pauli C, Liu Y, Rohde C, Cui C, Fijalkowska D, Gerloff D, et al. Site-specific methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA by SNORD42A is required for acute myeloid leukemia cell proliferation. Blood. 2020;135:2059–70.
Google Scholar
Zhou F, Liu Y, Rohde C, Pauli C, Gerloff D, Köhn M, et al. AML1-ETO requires enhanced C/D box snoRNA/RNP formation to induce self-renewal and leukaemia. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19:844–55.
Google Scholar
Ender C, Krek A, Friedländer MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, et al. A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions. Mol cell. 2008;32:519–28.
Google Scholar
Kawaji H, Nakamura M, Takahashi Y, Sandelin A, Katayama S, Fukuda S, et al. Hidden layers of human small RNAs. BMC Genomics. 2008;9:157.
Google Scholar
Taft RJ, Glazov EA, Lassmann T, Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P, Mattick JS. Small RNAs derived from snoRNAs. RNA. 2009;15:1233–40.
Google Scholar
Brameier M, Herwig A, Reinhardt R, Walter L, Gruber J. Human box C/D snoRNAs with miRNA-like functions: expanding the range of regulatory RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39:675–86.
Google Scholar
Kishore S, Khanna A, Zhang Z, Hui J, Balwierz PJ, Stefan M, et al. The snoRNA MBII-52 (SNORD 115) is processed into smaller RNAs and regulates alternative splicing. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19:1153–64.
Google Scholar
Ono M, Scott MS, Yamada K, Avolio F, Barton GJ, Lamond AI. Identification of human miRNA precursors that resemble box C/D snoRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39:3879–91.
Google Scholar
Scott MS, Ono M, Yamada K, Endo A, Barton GJ, Lamond AI. Human box C/D snoRNA processing conservation across multiple cell types. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40:3676–88.
Google Scholar
Falaleeva M, Stamm S. Processing of snoRNAs as a new source of regulatory non-coding RNAs: snoRNA fragments form a new class of functional RNAs. Bioessays. 2013;35:46–54.
Google Scholar
Langenberger D, Çakir MV, Hoffmann S, Stadler PF. Dicer-processed small RNAs: rules and exceptions. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2013;320:35–46.
Google Scholar
Shi Y, Shi Q, Shen Q, Zhang Q, Cao X. Dicer-independent snRNA/snoRNA-derived nuclear RNA 3 regulates tumor-associated macrophage function by epigenetically repressing inducible nitric oxide synthase transcription. Cancer Commun. 2021;41:140–53.
Google Scholar
Godang NL, DeMeis JD, Houserova D, Chaudhary NY, Salter CJ, Xi Y, et al. Global Switch from DICER-dependent MicroRNA to DICER-independent SnoRNA-derived RNA Biogenesis in Malignancy. MicroPubl Biol. 2023.
Plewka P, Szczesniak MW, Stepien A, Zywicki M, Pacak A, Colombo M, et al. FUS controls the processing of snoRNAs into smaller RNA fragments that can regulate gene expression. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/409250 2018.
Wajahat M, Bracken CP, Orang A. Emerging functions for snoRNAs and snoRNA-derived fragments. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:19.
Google Scholar
Martens-Uzunova ES, Jalava SE, Dits NF, van Leenders GJLH, Møller S, Trapman J, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic signatures from the small non-coding RNA transcriptome in prostate cancer. Oncogene. 2012;31:978–91.
Google Scholar
Martens-Uzunova ES, Hoogstrate Y, Kalsbeek A, Pigmans B, Vredenbregt-van den Berg M, Dits N, et al. C/D-box snoRNA-derived RNA production is associated with malignant transformation and metastatic progression in prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6:17430–44.
Google Scholar
Coley AB, Stahly AN, Kasukurthi MV, Barchie AA, Hutcheson SB, Houserova D, et al. MicroRNA-like snoRNA-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) promote castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cells. 2022;11:1302.
Google Scholar
Patterson DG, Roberts JT, King VM, Houserova D, Barnhill EC, Crucello A, et al. Human snoRNA-93 is processed into a microRNA-like RNA that promotes breast cancer cell invasion. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017;3:25.
Google Scholar
Kärkkäinen E, Heikkinen S, Tengström M, Kosma V-M, Mannermaa A, Hartikainen JM. Expression profiles of small non-coding RNAs in breast cancer tumors characterize clinicopathological features and show prognostic and predictive potential. Sci Rep. 2022;12:22614.
Google Scholar
Müller S, Raulefs S, Bruns P, Afonso-Grunz F, Plötner A, Thermann R, et al. Next-generation sequencing reveals novel differentially regulated mRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, sdRNAs and a piRNA in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer. 2015;14:94.
Google Scholar
Müller S, Raulefs S, Bruns P, Afonso-Grunz F, Plötner A, Thermann R, et al. Erratum to: next-generation sequencing reveals novel differentially regulated mRNAs, lncRNAs, miRNAs, sdRNAs and a piRNA in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer. 2015;14:144.
Google Scholar
Chow RD, Chen S. Sno-derived RNAs are prevalent molecular markers of cancer immunity. Oncogene. 2018;37:6442–62.
Google Scholar
Allert C, Waclawiczek A, Zimmermann SMN, Gollner S, Heid D, Janssen M, et al. Protein tyrosine kinase 2b inhibition reverts niche-associated resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in AML. Leukemia. 2022;36:2418–29.
Google Scholar
An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature. 2012;489:57–74.
Luo Y, Hitz BC, Gabdank I, Hilton JA, Kagda MS, Lam B, et al. New developments on the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) data portal. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48:D882–D9.
Google Scholar
Hitz BC, Lee J-W, Jolanki O, Kagda MS, Graham K, Sud P, et al. The ENCODE Uniform Analysis Pipelines. bioRxiv. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.04.535623.
Kagda MS, Lam B, Litton C, Small C, Sloan CA, Spragins E, et al. Data navigation on the ENCODE portal. Nat Commun. 2025;16:9592.
Google Scholar
Mann M, Wright PR, Backofen R. IntaRNA 2.0: enhanced and customizable prediction of RNA–RNA interactions. Nucleic acids Res. 2017;45:W435–W9.
Google Scholar
Warner WA, Spencer DH, Trissal M, White BS, Helton N, Ley TJ, et al. Expression profiling of snoRNAs in normal hematopoiesis and AML. Blood Adv. 2018;2:151–63.
Google Scholar
Kothari C, Ouellette G, Labrie Y, Jacob S, Diorio C, Durocher F. Identification of a gene signature for different stages of breast cancer development that could be used for early diagnosis and specific therapy. Oncotarget. 2018;9:37407–20.
Google Scholar
Liuksiala T, Teittinen KJ, Granberg K, Heinäniemi M, Annala M, Mäki M, et al. Overexpression of SNORD114-3 marks acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2014;28:233–6.
Google Scholar
Valleron W, Laprevotte E, Gautier EF, Quelen C, Demur C, Delabesse E, et al. Specific small nucleolar RNA expression profiles in acute leukemia. Leukemia. 2012;26:2052–60.
Google Scholar
Wang H, Zhang Z, Han C, Jiang P, Xu J, Han Y, et al. SNORD113–114 cluster maintains haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal via orchestrating the translation machinery. Nat Cell Biol. 2025;27:246–61.
Google Scholar
Smith CM, Steitz JA. Classification of gas5 as a multi-small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene and a member of the 5’-terminal oligopyrimidine gene family reveals common features of snoRNA host genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18:6897–909.
Google Scholar
Martens-Uzunova ES, Olvedy M, Jenster G. Beyond microRNA-novel RNAs derived from small non-coding RNA and their implication in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2013;340:201–11.
Google Scholar
Hejret V, Varadarajan NM, Klimentova E, Gresova K, Giassa I-C, Vanacova S, et al. Analysis of chimeric reads characterises the diverse targetome of AGO2-mediated regulation. Sci Rep. 2023;13:22895.
Google Scholar
Martin G, Gruber AR, Keller W, Zavolan M. Genome-wide analysis of pre-mRNA 3’ end processing reveals a decisive role of human cleavage factor I in the regulation of 3’ UTR length. Cell Rep. 2012;1:753–63.
Google Scholar
Brumbaugh J, Di Stefano B, Wang X, Borkent M, Forouzmand E, Clowers KJ, et al. Nudt21 controls cell fate by connecting alternative polyadenylation to chromatin signaling. Cell. 2018;172:629–31.
Google Scholar
Xiao S, Gu H, Deng L, Yang X, Qiao D, Zhang X, et al. Relationship between NUDT21-mediated alternative polyadenylation process and tumor. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1052012
Google Scholar
Tamaddon M, Shokri G, Hosseini Rad SMA, Rad I, Emami Razavi À, Kouhkan F. Involved microRNAs in alternative polyadenylation intervene in breast cancer via regulation of cleavage factor “CFIm25. Sci Rep. 2020;10:11608.
Google Scholar
Wang H, Hu H, Luo Z, Liu S, Wu W, Zhu M, et al. miR-4454 up-regulated by HPV16 E6/E7 promotes invasion and migration by targeting ABHD2/NUDT21 in cervical cancer. Biosci Rep. 2020;40:9
Google Scholar
Zeng B, Chen Y, Chen H, Zhao Q, Sun Z, Liu D, et al. Synergistic inhibition of NUDT21 by secretory S100A11 and exosomal miR-487a-5p promotes melanoma oligo- to poly-metastatic progression. Mol Oncol. 2023;17:2743–66.
Google Scholar
Foroutan Kahangi M, Tavakolpour V, Samiei Mosleh I, Oraee-Yazdani S, Kouhkan F. Involvement of oncomiRs miR-23, miR-24, and miR-27 in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation in glioblastoma via CFIm25 cleavage factor. Metab Brain Dis. 2024;39:1269–81.
Google Scholar
Khan N, Gupta M, Masamha CP. Characterization and molecular targeting of CFIm25 (NUDT21/CPSF5) mRNA using miRNAs. Faseb J. 2025;39:e70324.
Google Scholar
Davis AG, Johnson DT, Zheng D, Wang R, Jayne ND, Liu M, et al. Alternative polyadenylation dysregulation contributes to the differentiation block of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2022;139:424–38.
Google Scholar
Tsopoulidis N, Yagi M, Brumbaugh J, Ito S, López-Soriano V, Morris R, et al. Modulation of Nudt21 levels reveals dose-dependent roles of alternative polyadenylation in tissue regeneration. Nat Commun. 2026;17:2005.
Google Scholar
Allert C, Müller-Tidow C, Blank MF. The relevance of the hematopoietic niche for therapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer. 2024;154:197–209.
Google Scholar
Mattick JS. Non-coding RNAs: the architects of eukaryotic complexity. EMBO Rep. 2001;2:986–91.
Google Scholar
Xiong M, Chen L, Zhou L, Ding Y, Kazobinka G, Chen Z, et al. NUDT21 inhibits bladder cancer progression through ANXA2 and LIMK2 by alternative polyadenylation. Theranostics. 2019;9:7156–67.
Google Scholar
Wang BJ, Liu DC, Guo QY, Han XW, Bi XM, Wang H, et al. NUDT21 suppresses breast cancer tumorigenesis through regulating CPSF6 expression. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:3069–78.
Google Scholar
Gao CC, Xu QQ, Xiao FJ, Wang H, Wu CT, Wang LS. NUDT21 suppresses the growth of small cell lung cancer by modulating GLS1 splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;526:431–8.
Google Scholar
Xing Y, Chen L, Gu H, Yang C, Zhao J, Chen Z, et al. Downregulation of NUDT21 contributes to cervical cancer progression through alternative polyadenylation. Oncogene. 2021;40:2051–64.
Google Scholar
Liu W, Pang Y, Yu X, Lu D, Yang Y, Meng F, et al. Pan-cancer analysis of NUDT21 and its effect on the proliferation of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Aging. 2024;16:3363–85.
Google Scholar

