Miller KD, Ostrom QT, Kruchko C, Patil N, Tihan T, Cioffi G, et al. Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021. CA: A Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:381–406.
Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, et al. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20:192–206.
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Zhou F, Ali H, Lathia JD, Chen P. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current state, challenges, and future perspectives. Cell Mol Immunol. 2024;21:1354–75.
Google Scholar
Jackson CM, Choi J, Lim M. Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: lessons from glioblastoma. Nat Immunol. 2019;20:1100–9.
Google Scholar
Moreno-Sanchez PM, Rezaeipour M, Inderberg EM, Platten M, Golebiewska A. Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity. Nat Cancer. 2026;7:29–42.
Google Scholar
Habashy KJ, Mansour R, Moussalem C, Sawaya R, Massaad MJ. Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them. Br J Cancer. 2022;127:976–87.
Google Scholar
Chongsathidkiet P, Jackson C, Koyama S, Loebel F, Cui X, Farber SH, et al. Sequestration of T cells in bone marrow in the setting of glioblastoma and other intracranial tumors. Nat Med. 2018;24:1459–68.
Google Scholar
Zhou S, Zhang X, Lin J, Ma F, Chen H, Chen J, et al. Targeting immunosuppressive network in glioblastoma: emerging strategies to overcome immunodeficiency and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2026;16:1272–91.
Google Scholar
Stupp, Mason R, Bent WP, MJvd, Weller M, Fisher B, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:987–96.
Google Scholar
Hui C, Rudra S, Campian JL, Thotala D, Hallahan DE, Huang J. Impact of corticosteroid use during chemoradiotherapy on lymphopenia and survival of glioblastoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys. 2018;102:e225–6.
Bogani D, Hooper K, Sansom O. Why in vivo models of disease remain indispensable. Dis Models Mechanisms. 2026;19:dmm052997.
Bareham B, Georgakopoulos N, Matas-Céspedes A, Curran M, Saeb-Parsy K. Modeling human tumor-immune environments in vivo for the preclinical assessment of immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol, Immunother. 2021;70:2737–50.
Google Scholar
Zanella ER, Grassi E, Trusolino L. Towards precision oncology with patient-derived xenografts. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19:719–32.
Google Scholar
Wang J, Chen C, Wang L, Xie M, Ge X, Wu S, et al. Patient-derived tumor organoids: new progress and opportunities to facilitate precision cancer immunotherapy. Front Oncol. 2022;12:872531.
Google Scholar
Noorani I, de la Rosa J. Breaking barriers for glioblastoma with a path to enhanced drug delivery. Nat Commun. 2023;14:5909.
Google Scholar
Zam A, Rouatbi N, Walters AA, Al-Jamal KT. Overcoming barriers and shaping the future: challenges and innovations in nucleic acid therapies for Glioblastoma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2026;229:115759.
Google Scholar
Lyon JG, Mokarram N, Saxena T, Carroll SL, Bellamkonda RV. Engineering challenges for brain tumor immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017;114:19–32.
Google Scholar
Sivan A, Corrales L, Hubert N, Williams JB, Aquino-Michaels K, Earley ZM, et al. Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science. 2015;350:1084–9.
Google Scholar
Dees KJ, Koo H, Humphreys JF, Hakim JA, Crossman DK, Crowley MR, et al. Human gut microbial communities dictate efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in a humanized microbiome mouse model of glioma. Neuro-Oncol Adv. 2021;3:vdab023.
Ye W, Chen Q. Potential applications and perspectives of humanized mouse models. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2022;10:395–417.
Google Scholar
De La Rochere P, Guil-Luna S, Decaudin D, Azar G, Sidhu SS, Piaggio E. Humanized mice for the study of immuno-oncology. Trends Immunol. 2018;39:748–63.
Google Scholar
Skelton JK, Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. A Hitchhiker’s guide to humanized mice: new pathways to studying viral infections. Immunology. 2018;154:50–61.
Google Scholar
Park C-K, Khalil M, Pham N-A, Wong S, Ly D, Sacher A, et al. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research: a review and implications in lung cancer research. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2025;6:100781.
Google Scholar
Pearson T, Greiner DL, Shultz LD. Creation of ‘Humanized’ mice to study human immunity. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2008;81:15.21.11–15.21.21.
Wahl A, Garcia JV. Humanized mouse systems to study viral infection: a new era in immunology research. Annu Rev Immunol. 2025;43:143–67.
Google Scholar
Sanmamed MF, Rodríguez I, Schalper KA, Oñate C, Azpilikueta A, Rodríguez-Ruiz ME, et al. Nivolumab and urelumab enhance antitumor activity of human T lymphocytes engrafted in Rag2-/-IL2Rγnull immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3466–78.
Google Scholar
King MA, Covassin L, Brehm MA, Racki W, Pearson T, Leif J, et al. Human peripheral blood leucocyte non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene mouse model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host-like disease and the role of host major histocompatibility complex. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;157:104–18.
Google Scholar
Ito M, Hiramatsu H, Kobayashi K, Suzue K, Kawahata M, Hioki K, et al. NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null) mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells. Blood. 2002;100:3175–82.
Google Scholar
Brehm MA, Kenney LL, Wiles MV, Low BE, Tisch RM, Burzenski L, et al. Lack of acute xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease, but retention of T-cell function following engraftment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in NSG mice deficient in MHC class I and II expression. FASEB J. 2019;33:3137–51.
Google Scholar
Yaguchi T, Kobayashi A, Inozume T, Morii K, Nagumo H, Nishio H, et al. Human PBMC-transferred murine MHC class I/II-deficient NOG mice enable long-term evaluation of human immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol. 2018;15:953–62.
Google Scholar
Shultz LD, Brehm MA, Garcia-Martinez JV, Greiner DL. Humanized mice for immune system investigation: progress, promise and challenges. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12:786–98.
Google Scholar
Brehm MA, Bortell R, Diiorio P, Leif J, Laning J, Cuthbert A, et al. Human immune system development and rejection of human islet allografts in spontaneously diabetic NOD-Rag1null IL2rgammanull Ins2Akita mice. Diabetes. 2010;59:2265–70.
Google Scholar
Hayakawa J, Hsieh MM, Uchida N, Phang O, Tisdale JF. Busulfan produces efficient human cell engraftment in NOD/LtSz-Scid IL2Rgamma(null) mice. Stem Cells. 2009;27:175–82.
Google Scholar
Czechowicz A, Kraft D, Weissman IL, Bhattacharya D. Efficient transplantation via antibody-based clearance of hematopoietic stem cell niches. Science. 2007;318:1296–9.
Google Scholar
Cheng H, Zheng Z, Cheng T. New paradigms on hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Protein cell. 2020;11:34–44.
Google Scholar
Lan P, Wang L, Diouf B, Eguchi H, Su H, Bronson R, et al. Induction of human T-cell tolerance to porcine xenoantigens through mixed hematopoietic chimerism. Blood. 2004;103:3964–9.
Google Scholar
Tonomura N, Habiro K, Shimizu A, Sykes M, Yang Y-G. Antigen-specific human T-cell responses and T-cell–dependent production of human antibodies in a humanized mouse model. Blood. 2008;111:4293–6.
Google Scholar
Wege A, Melkus M, Denton PW, Estes J, Garcia J. Functional and phenotypic characterization of the humanized BLT mouse model. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;324:149–65.
Faisal SM, Yadav M, Gibson GR, Klinestiver AT, Sorenson RM, Cantor E, et al. Current landscape of preclinical models for pediatric gliomas: clinical implications and future directions. Cancers. 2025;17:2221.
Google Scholar
Savage N, Grewal S, Shaikh MV, Zemp FJ, McKenna D, Mikolajewicz N, et al. Dual tumour–myeloid targeting of glioblastoma with GPNMB CAR-T cells. Nature 2026;656:1013–22.
Moreno-Sanchez PM, Oudin A, Kisakol B, Dussmann H, Klein E, Baus V, et al. Humanized glioblastoma patient-derived orthotopic xenografts recreate a locally immunosuppressed human immune ecosystem amenable to immunotherapeutic modulation. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.20.689484 2025.
Takei J, Furudate K, Nagaoka-Kamata Y, Iwaloye O, Hama N, Jepson CE, et al. Exploring the immune environment of glioblastoma in humanized mouse models. Neuro Oncol. 2026;ume 28:1634–48.
Liu L, van Schaik TA, Chen K-S, Rossignoli F, Borges P, Vrbanac V, et al. Establishment and immune phenotyping of patient-derived glioblastoma models in humanized mice. Front Immunol. 2024;14:2023.
Srivastava R, Labani-Motlagh A, Chen A, Bohorquez JA, Qin B, Dodda M, et al. Development of a human glioblastoma model using humanized DRAG mice for immunotherapy. Antib Ther. 2023;6:253–64.
Google Scholar
Do AS-MS, Amano T, Edwards LA, Zhang L, De Peralta-Venturina M, Yu JS. CD133 mRNA-loaded dendritic cell vaccination abrogates glioma stem cell propagation in humanized glioblastoma mouse model. Mol Ther – Oncolytics. 2020;18:295–303.
Google Scholar
Binder Z, Lamrani L, Secreto A, Skuli N, Jacobson M, Assenmacher C-A, et al. MODL-10. Severely immunodeficient nog-exl mice allow for humanization and development of a human glioblastoma-derived tumor microenvironment. Neuro-Oncol. 2023;25:v300.
Google Scholar
Nagle VL, Henry KE, Hertz CAJ, Graham MS, Campos C, Parada LF, et al. Imaging tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in brain tumors with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-CD8 PET. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27:1958–66.
Google Scholar
Nagle VL, Hertz CAJ, Henry KE, Graham MS, Campos C, Pillarsetty N, et al. Noninvasive imaging of CD4+ T cells in humanized mice. Mol Cancer Ther. 2022;21:658–66.
Google Scholar
Zhai L, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Wu M, Genet M, Gritsina G, et al. Infiltrating T cells increase IDO1 expression in glioblastoma and contribute to decreased patient survival. Clin Cancer Res : Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2017;23:6650–60.
Akiyama Y, Nonomura C, Ashizawa T, Iizuka A, Kondou R, Miyata H, et al. The anti-tumor activity of the STAT3 inhibitor STX-0119 occurs via promotion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte accumulation in a temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell line. Immunol Lett. 2017;190:20–5.
Google Scholar
Marchesi JR, Adams DH, Fava F, Hermes GD, Hirschfield GM, Hold G, et al. The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut. 2016;65:330–9.
Google Scholar
Dees K, Koo H, Hakim J, Fraser Humphreys J, Crossman D, Crowley M, et al. TMOD-19. Elucidating the resistance to immunotherapy in brain tumors using a humanized microbiome mouse model. Neuro-Oncol. 2019;21:vi266.
Google Scholar
Wang C, Fan Y, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Luo F, Sun K, et al. Deciphering the contributions of fecal microbiota from patients with high-grade glioma to tumor development in a humanized microbiome mouse model of glioma. Neuro-Oncol Adv. 2025;7:vdaf085.
Green GBH, Cox-Holmes AN, Marlow GH, Potier ACE, Wang Y, Zhou L, et al. Human microbiota influence the immune cell composition and gene expression in the tumor environment of a murine model of glioma. Gut Microbes. 2025;17:2508432.
Google Scholar
Li X-C, Wu B-S, Jiang Y, Li J, Wang Z-F, Ma C, et al. Temozolomide-induced changes in gut microbial composition in a mouse model of brain glioma. Drug Des, Dev Ther. 2021;15:1641–52.
Hou X, Du H, Deng Y, Wang H, Liu J, Qiao J, et al. Gut microbiota mediated the individualized efficacy of Temozolomide via immunomodulation in glioma. J Transl Med. 2023;21:198.
Google Scholar
Bose D, Saha P, Roy S, Trivedi A, More M, Klimas N, et al. A double-humanized mouse model for studying host gut microbiome-immune interactions in Gulf War illness. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:6093.
Daharsh L, Zhang J, Ramer-Tait A, Li Q. A double humanized BLT-mice model featuring a stable human-like gut microbiome and human immune system. J Visualize Exper. 2019;30:e59773.
Daharsh L, Lohani SC, Ramer-Tait AE, Li Q. Characterization of double humanized BLT-mice with stable engraftment of a human gut bacterial microbiome. Front Microbiom. 2024;3:1404353.
Ka Y, Ito R, Nozu R, Tomiyama K, Ueno M, Ogura T, et al. Establishment of a human microbiome- and immune system-reconstituted dual-humanized mouse model. Exp Anim. 2023;72:402–12.
Google Scholar
Gülden E, Vudattu NK, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Mamula M, Reed JC, et al. Microbiota control immune regulation in humanized mice. JCI Insight 2017;2:e91709.
Keane L, Cryan JF, Gleeson JP. Exploiting the gut microbiome for brain tumour treatment. Trends Mol Med. 2025;31:213–23.
Google Scholar
Haddad AF, Young JS, Amara D, Berger MS, Raleigh DR, Aghi MK, et al. Mouse models of glioblastoma for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Neurooncol Adv. 2021;3:vdab100.
Google Scholar
Zhu F, Nair RR, Fisher EMC, Cunningham TJ. Humanising the mouse genome piece by piece. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1845.
Google Scholar
Billerbeck E, Barry WT, Mu K, Dorner M, Rice CM, Ploss A. Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, and interleukin-3-expressing NOD-SCID IL2Rγ(null) humanized mice. Blood. 2011;117:3076–86.
Google Scholar
Rongvaux A, Willinger T, Takizawa H, Rathinam C, Auerbach W, Murphy AJ, et al. Human thrombopoietin knock-in mice efficiently support human hematopoiesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:2378–83.
Google Scholar
Sippel TR, Radtke S, Olsen TM, Kiem HP, Rongvaux A. Human hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and myeloid cell development in next-generation humanized mouse models. Blood Adv. 2019;3:268–74.
Google Scholar
Rongvaux A, Willinger T, Martinek J, Strowig T, Gearty SV, Teichmann LL, et al. Development and function of human innate immune cells in a humanized mouse model. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:364–72.
Google Scholar
Taguchi J, Kikuchi M, Jeon H, Shimizu R, Mori H, Ikawa M, et al. A scalable two-step genome editing strategy for generating full-length gene-humanized mice at diverse genomic loci. Nat Commun. 2026;17:356.
Google Scholar
Oldrini B, Curiel-García Á, Marques C, Matia V, Uluçkan Ö, Graña-Castro O, et al. Somatic genome editing with the RCAS-TVA-CRISPR-Cas9 system for precision tumor modeling. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1466.
Google Scholar
Zuckermann M, Hovestadt V, Knobbe-Thomsen CB, Zapatka M, Northcott PA, Schramm K, et al. Somatic CRISPR/Cas9-mediated tumour suppressor disruption enables versatile brain tumour modelling. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7391.
Google Scholar
Chow RD, Guzman CD, Wang G, Schmidt F, Youngblood MW, Ye L, et al. AAV-mediated direct in vivo CRISPR screen identifies functional suppressors in glioblastoma. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:1329–41.
Google Scholar
Carlson JC, Cantu Gutiérrez M, Lozzi B, Huang-Hobbs E, Turner WD, Tepe B, et al. Identification of diverse tumor endothelial cell populations in malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23:932–44.
Google Scholar
Marinou KA, Dontas IA. European Union legislation for the welfare of animals used for scientific purposes: areas identified for further discussion. Animals. 2023; 13:2367.
Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biol. 2020;18:e3000410.
Google Scholar
Willis E, Verrelle J, Banerjee E, Assenmacher CA, Tarrant JC, Skuli N, et al. Humanization with CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells in NOG-EXL mice results in improved long-term survival and less severe myeloid cell hyperactivation phenotype relative to NSG-SGM3 mice. Vet Pathol. 2024;61:664–74.
Google Scholar
Tarrant JC, Binder ZA, Bugatti M, Vermi W, van den Oord J, Ranieri B, et al. Pathology of macrophage activation syndrome in humanized NSGS mice. Res Vet Sci. 2021;134:137–46.
Google Scholar
Gutierrez-Barbosa H, Medina-Moreno S, Perdomo-Celis F, Davis H, Coronel-Ruiz C, Zapata JC, et al. A comparison of lymphoid and myeloid cells derived from human hematopoietic stem cells xenografted into NOD-derived mouse strains. Microorganisms. 2023;11:1548.
McDermott SP, Eppert K, Lechman ER, Doedens M, Dick JE. Comparison of human cord blood engraftment between immunocompromised mouse strains. Blood. 2010;116:193–200.
Google Scholar
Biedermann KA, Sun JR, Giaccia AJ, Tosto LM, Brown JM. scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:1394–7.
Google Scholar
Ren D, Liu W, Ding S, Li Y. Protocol for generating human immune system mice and hydrodynamic injection to analyze human hematopoiesis in vivo. STAR Protoc. 2022;3:101217.
Google Scholar
Saki M, Bhat K, Sodhi SS, Nguyen NT, Kornblum HI, Pajonk F. Effects of brain irradiation in immune-competent and immune-compromised mouse models. Radiat Res. 2020;193:186–94.
Google Scholar
De La Rochere P, Loumagne L, Rathaux M, Dubois M, Denizeau J, Nemati F, et al. A comprehensive analysis of humanized mouse models for the study of cancer immunotherapies. Front Immunol. 2026;17:2026.
Lee DH, Bae J, Kim S, Song CY, Shin JH, Kim EH, et al. A humanized NOG-EXL mouse model for producing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus-reactive human antibodies. Anim models Exp Med. 2026;9:378–88.
Bannister LA, Mantha RR, Devantier Y, Petoukhov ES, Brideau CLA, Serran ML, et al. Dose and radioadaptive response analysis of micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1548.
Google Scholar
Cosgun Kadriye N, Rahmig S, Mende N, Reinke S, Hauber I, Schäfer C, et al. Kit regulates HSC engraftment across the human-mouse species barrier. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;15:227–38.
Google Scholar
Rahmig S, Kronstein-Wiedemann R, Fohgrub J, Kronstein N, Nevmerzhitskaya A, Bornhäuser M, et al. Improved human erythropoiesis and platelet formation in humanized NSGW41 mice. Stem Cell Rep. 2016;7:591–601.
McIntosh BrianE, Brown MatthewE, Duffin BretM, Maufort JohnP, Vereide DavidT, Slukvin IgorI, et al. Nonirradiated NOD,B6.SCID Il2rγ-/- Kit(W41/W41) (NBSGW) mice support multilineage engraftment of human hematopoietic cells. Stem Cell Rep. 2015;4:171–80.
Yu CI, Maser R, Marches F, Banchereau J, Palucka K. Protocol to construct humanized mice with adult CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. STAR Protoc. 2024;5:103155.
Google Scholar
Guo W, Li H, Zhao Y, Qin J, Meng H, Ge X, et al. Construction and application of a humanized mouse model for prostate cancer in immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol, Immunother. 2025;74:377.
Google Scholar
Wang M, Yao LC, Cheng M, Cai D, Martinek J, Pan CX, et al. Humanized mice in studying efficacy and mechanisms of PD-1-targeted cancer immunotherapy. FASEB J. 2018;32:1537–49.
Google Scholar
Guo W, Zhang C, Qiao T, Zhao J, Shi C. Strategies for the construction of mouse models with humanized immune system and evaluation of tumor immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Front Oncol. 2021;11:673199.
Google Scholar
Cuchiara ML, Coşkun S, Banda OA, Horter KL, Hirschi KK, West JL. Bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels to recapitulate the HSC niche and facilitate HSC expansion in culture. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2016;113:870–81.
Google Scholar
Broxmeyer HE, Luchsinger LL, Weinberg RS, Jimenez A, Frenet EM, van’t Hof W, et al. Insights into highly engraftable hematopoietic cells from 27-year-old cryopreserved umbilical cord blood. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4:101259.
Google Scholar
Park N, Pandey K, Chang SK, Kwon AY, Cho YB, Hur J, et al. Preclinical platform for long-term evaluation of immuno-oncology drugs using hCD34+ humanized mouse model. J Immunother Cancer 2020;8:e001513.
Scholbach J, Schulz A, Westphal F, Egger D, Wege AK, Patties I, et al. Comparison of hematopoietic stem cells derived from fresh and cryopreserved whole cord blood in the generation of humanized mice. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e46772.
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Yin Z, Liang Z, Bai Y, Zhang T, Yang J, et al. Impacts of cryopreservation on phenotype and functionality of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and ascites. J Transl Intern Med. 2024;12:51–63.
Dendrou CA, Petersen J, Rossjohn J, Fugger L. HLA variation and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:325–39.
Google Scholar
Meraz IM, Majidi M, Meng F, Shao R, Ha MJ, Neri S, et al. An improved patient-derived xenograft humanized mouse model for evaluation of lung cancer immune responses. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7:1267–79.
Google Scholar
Zhao Y, Shuen TWH, Toh TB, Chan XY, Liu M, Tan SY, et al. Development of a new patient-derived xenograft humanised mouse model to study human-specific tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy. Gut. 2018;67:1845.
Google Scholar
Rios-Doria J, Stevens C, Maddage C, Lasky K, Koblish HK. Characterization of human cancer xenografts in humanized mice. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8:e000416.
Conrad T, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Stecklum M, Becker M, Klinghammer K, Hoffmann J. Abstract 3020: human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of a broad panel of cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for immune therapies. Cancer Res. 2021;81:3020.
Jespersen H, Lindberg MF, Donia M, Söderberg EMV, Andersen R, Keller U, et al. Clinical responses to adoptive T-cell transfer can be modeled in an autologous immune-humanized mouse model. Nat Commun. 2017;8:707.
Google Scholar
Morton JJ, Alzofon N, Keysar SB, Chimed T-S, Reisinger J, Perrenoud L, et al. Studying immunotherapy resistance in an autologous humanized melanoma mouse xenograft. Mol Cancer Res. 2021;19:346–57.
Google Scholar
Zeng Y, Liu B, Rubio MT, Wang X, Ojcius DM, Tang R, et al. Creation of an immunodeficient HLA-transgenic mouse (HUMAMICE) and functional validation of human immunity after transfer of HLA-matched human cells. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0173754.
Google Scholar
Majji S, Wijayalath W, Shashikumar S, Pow-Sang L, Villasante E, Brumeanu TD, et al. Differential effect of HLA class-I versus class-II transgenes on human T and B cell reconstitution and function in NRG mice. Sci Rep. 2016;6:28093.
Google Scholar
Wiekmeijer AS, Pike-Overzet K, Brugman MH, Salvatori DC, Egeler RM, Bredius RG, et al. Sustained engraftment of cryopreserved human bone marrow CD34(+) cells in young adult NSG mice. BioRes Open Access. 2014;3:110–6.
Google Scholar
Laboratory J. NOD.Cg-Rag1tm1Mom Il2rgtm1Wjl Tg(HLA-DRA,HLA-DRB1*0401)39-2Kito/ScasJ Strain #:017914. In: Laboratory J (ed) vol. The Jackson Laboratory 2026.

