Berenguer CV, Pereira F, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. Underlying Features of Prostate Cancer-Statistics, Risk Factors, and Emerging Methods for Its Diagnosis. Curr Oncol. 2023;30:2300–21.
Google Scholar
Wang L, Lu B, He M, Wang Y, Wang Z, Du L. Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Global Status and Temporal Trends in 89 Countries From 2000 to 2019. Front Public Health. 2022;10:811044.
Google Scholar
Haffner MC, Morris MJ, Ding CC, Sayar E, Mehra R, Robinson B, et al. Framework for the Pathology Workup of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Biopsies. Clin Cancer Res. 2025;31:466–78.
Google Scholar
Cimadamore A, Boixareu C, Sharp A, Beltran H, de Bono JS. Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Metastatic Prostate Cancer Care. Eur Urol. 2025;88:437–48.
Google Scholar
Cordier C, Haustrate A, Mihalache A, Duval E, Desruelles E, Spriet C, et al. Targeting TRPV6/CXCR4 complexes prevents castration-resistant prostate cancer metastasis to the bone. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10:287.
Google Scholar
Bubendorf L, Schöpfer A, Wagner U, Sauter G, Moch H, Willi N, et al. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1589 patients. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:578–83.
Google Scholar
Kang J, La Manna F, Bonollo F, Sampson N, Alberts IL, Mingels C, et al. Tumor microenvironment mechanisms and bone metastatic disease progression of prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 2022;530:156–69.
Google Scholar
Guruvayurappan GK, Frankenbach-Désor T, Laubach M, Klein A, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Cusan M, et al. Clinical challenges in prostate cancer management: Metastatic bone-tropism and the role of circulating tumor cells. Cancer Lett. 2024;606:217310.
Google Scholar
Li S, Kang Y, Zeng Y. Targeting tumor and bone microenvironment: Novel therapeutic opportunities for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2024;1879:189033.
Google Scholar
Yu G, Corn PG, Mak CSL, Liang X, Zhang M, Troncoso P, et al. Prostate cancer-induced endothelial-cell-to-osteoblast transition drives immunosuppression in the bone-tumor microenvironment through Wnt pathway-induced M2 macrophage polarization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2024;121:e2402903121.
Google Scholar
Yang Y, Ding M, Yin H, Chen W, Shen H, Diao W, et al. GALNT12 suppresses the bone-specific prostate cancer metastasis by activating BMP pathway via the O-glycosylation of BMPR1A. Int J Biol Sci. 2024;20:1297–313.
Google Scholar
Conn VM, Chinnaiyan AM, Conn SJ. Circular RNA in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2024;24:597–613.
Google Scholar
Niu X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Li B, et al. Cancer plasticity in therapy resistance: Mechanisms and novel strategies. Drug Resist Updat. 2024;76:101114.
Google Scholar
Song Y, Zhang C, Shao D, Song X, Han D, Liu J, et al. CircRHOBTB3 suppresses MAOA by promoting cytoplasmic retention of NONO to inhibit prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis. Cancer Lett. 2025;631:217910.
Google Scholar
Liu J, Niraj M, Zhu X, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Kadier A, et al. CircCNOT6L modulates alternative splicing of SLC7A11 via splicing factor SRSF2 to confer ferroptosis resistance and promote metastasis in prostate cancer. Exp Mol Med. 2025;57:2106–20.
Google Scholar
Chen K, Pan X, Zhang S, Xu M, Chen X, Pei F, et al. Circular RNA circSLC39A10 promotes prostate cancer progression by activating Wnt signaling via the miR-936/PROX1/β-catenin axis. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2025;30:126.
Google Scholar
Kurosaki T, Popp MW, Maquat LE. Quality and quantity control of gene expression by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20:406–20.
Google Scholar
Boo SH, Shin MK, Hwang HJ, Hwang H, Chang S, Kim T, et al. Circular RNAs trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Mol Cell. 2024;84:4862–e4867.
Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science. 2020;367:eaau6977.
Yang Z, Chen JQ, Liu TJ, Chen YL, Ma ZK, Fan YZ, et al. Knocking down AR promotes osteoblasts to recruit prostate cancer cells by altering exosomal circ-DHPS/miR-214-3p/CCL5 pathway. Asian J Androl. 2024;26:195–204.
Google Scholar
Sun Y, Liu G, Zhang K, Cao Q, Liu T, Li J. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for drug delivery. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:561.
Google Scholar
Huang D, Huang W, Liu M, Chen J, Xiao D, Peng Z, et al. Progress of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. Cancer Cell Int. 2025;25:169.
Google Scholar
Shao J, Zaro J, Shen Y. Advances in Exosome-Based Drug Delivery and Tumor Targeting: From Tissue Distribution to Intracellular Fate. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:9355–71.
Google Scholar
Lu Y, Huang W, Li M, Zheng A. Exosome-based carrier for RNA delivery: progress and challenges. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15:598.
Fu P, Yin S, Cheng H, Xu W, Jiang J. Engineered Exosomes for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy: A Promising Approach and Application. Curr Drug Deliv. 2024;21:817–27.
Google Scholar
Sun H, Zu Y. Aptamers and their applications in nanomedicine. Small. 2015;11:2352–64.
Google Scholar
Powell Gray B, Kelly L, Ahrens DP, Barry AP, Kratschmer C, Levy M, et al. Tunable cytotoxic aptamer-drug conjugates for the treatment of prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:4761–6.
Google Scholar
Wang X, Zhou Q, Li X, Gan X, Liu P, Feng X, et al. Insights into aptamer-drug delivery systems against prostate cancer. Molecules. 2022;27:3446.
Miceli RT, Chen TY, Nose Y, Tichkule S, Brown B, Fullard JF, et al. Extracellular vesicles, RNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses: Challenges, solutions, and recommendations. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13:e70005.
Google Scholar
Bunggulawa EJ, Wang W, Yin T, Wang N, Durkan C, Wang Y, et al. Recent advancements in the use of exosomes as drug delivery systems. J Nanobiotechnology. 2018;16:81.
Google Scholar
Lu M, Zhao X, Xing H, Xun Z, Zhu S, Lang L, et al. Comparison of exosome-mimicking liposomes with conventional liposomes for intracellular delivery of siRNA. Int J Pharm. 2018;550:100–13.
Google Scholar
Tang J, Wang X, Lin X, Wu C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a regulator and carrier for targeting bone-related diseases. Cell Death Discov. 2024;10:212.
Google Scholar
Alshaer W, Hillaireau H, Vergnaud J, Ismail S, Fattal E. Functionalizing Liposomes with anti-CD44 Aptamer for Selective Targeting of Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem. 2015;26:1307–13.
Google Scholar
Alshaer W, Hillaireau H, Vergnaud J, Mura S, Deloménie C, Sauvage F, et al. Aptamer-guided siRNA-loaded nanomedicines for systemic gene silencing in CD-44 expressing murine triple-negative breast cancer model. J Control Release. 2018;271:98–106.
Google Scholar
Grobbelaar C, Steenkamp V, Mabeta P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in the Vascularization of Pancreatic Tumors: Implications for Prognosis and Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47:179.
Morgia G, Falsaperla M, Malaponte G, Madonia M, Indelicato M, Travali S, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases as diagnostic (MMP-13) and prognostic (MMP-2, MMP-9) markers of prostate cancer. Urol Res. 2005;33:44–50.
Google Scholar
Pinheiro LCL, Pereira ÉR, Francelino AL, Guembarovski A, Fuganti PE, de Oliveira KB, et al. Metalloproteinase 9 immunostaining profile is positively correlated with tumor grade, extraprostatic extension and biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2024;253:155024.
Google Scholar
Gravdal K, Halvorsen OJ, Haukaas SA, Akslen LA. A switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression indicates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and is of strong and independent importance for the progress of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:7003–11.
Google Scholar
Wei J, Xu G, Wu M, Zhang Y, Li Q, Liu P, et al. Overexpression of vimentin contributes to prostate cancer invasion and metastasis via src regulation. Anticancer Res. 2008;28:327–34.
Google Scholar
Rascio F, Spadaccino F, Rocchetti MT, Castellano G, Stallone G, Netti GS, et al. The Pathogenic Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Cancer Onset and Drug Resistance: An Updated Review. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:3949.
Jiang M, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Zeng X, Huang Z, Qin P, et al. PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis in Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. MedComm (2020). 2025;6:e70295.
Google Scholar
Li J, Wang J, Chen Z. Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges. Mol Cancer. 2025;24:13.
Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Gong H, Luo S, Cui Y. The Role of Exosomes and Their Applications in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:12204.
Xi Y, Shen Y, Chen L, Tan L, Shen W, Niu X. Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: Implications in esophageal carcinoma progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2023;73:78–92.
Google Scholar
Zhang H, Wang S, Sun M, Cui Y, Xing J, Teng L, et al. Exosomes as smart drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1093607.
Google Scholar
Cabeza L, Perazzoli G, Peña M, Cepero A, Luque C, Melguizo C, et al. Cancer therapy based on extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release. 2020;327:296–315.
Google Scholar
Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Biava PM. Exosomes and Cell Communication: From Tumour-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumour Progression to the Use of Exosomal Cargo for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:822.
Wang Z, Wang Q, Qin F, Chen J. Exosomes: a promising avenue for cancer diagnosis beyond treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1344705.
Google Scholar
Javdani-Mallak A, Mowla SJ, Alibolandi M. Tumor-derived exosomes and their application in cancer treatment. J Transl Med. 2025;23:751.
Google Scholar
Huang C, Li J, Xie Z, Hu X, Huang Y. Relationship between exosomes and cancer: formation, diagnosis, and treatment. Int J Biol Sci. 2025;21:40–62.
Google Scholar
Kooijmans SAA, Schiffelers RM, Zarovni N, Vago R. Modulation of tissue tropism and biological activity of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles: New nanotools for cancer treatment. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:487–500.
Google Scholar
Choi H, Choi Y, Yim HY, Mirzaaghasi A, Yoo JK, Choi C. Biodistribution of Exosomes and Engineering Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Exosomes. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2021;18:499–511.
Google Scholar
Webb RL, Kaiser EE, Scoville SL, Thompson TA, Fatima S, Pandya C, et al. Human Neural Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles Improve Tissue and Functional Recovery in the Murine Thromboembolic Stroke Model. Transl Stroke Res. 2018;9:530–9.
Google Scholar
Saari H, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Viitala T, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Siljander P, Yliperttula M. Microvesicle- and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells. J Control Release. 2015;220:727–37.
Google Scholar
Yang T, Martin P, Fogarty B, Brown A, Schurman K, Phipps R, et al. Exosome delivered anticancer drugs across the blood-brain barrier for brain cancer therapy in Danio rerio. Pharm Res. 2015;32:2003–14.
Google Scholar
Qiao L, Hu S, Huang K, Su T, Li Z, Vandergriff A, et al. Tumor cell-derived exosomes home to their cells of origin and can be used as Trojan horses to deliver cancer drugs. Theranostics. 2020;10:3474–87.
Google Scholar
Zhou X, Cao H, Guo J, Yuan Y, Ni G. Effects of BMSC-Derived EVs on Bone Metabolism. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1012.
Song X, Yu H, Sullenger C, Gray BP, Yan A, Kelly L, et al. An Aptamer That Rapidly Internalizes into Cancer Cells Utilizes the Transferrin Receptor Pathway. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15:2301.
Han Q, Xie QR, Li F, Cheng Y, Wu T, Zhang Y, et al. Targeted inhibition of SIRT6 via engineered exosomes impairs tumorigenesis and metastasis in prostate cancer. Theranostics. 2021;11:6526–41.
Google Scholar
Liu C, Zhu X, Niu X, Chen L, Ge C. Elevated hsa_circRNA_101015, hsa_circRNA_101211, and hsa_circRNA_103470 in the Human Blood: Novel Biomarkers to Early Diagnose Acute Pancreatitis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:2419163.
Google Scholar
Izquierdo M. Short interfering RNAs as a tool for cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 2005;12:217–27.
Google Scholar
Pisignano G, Michael DC, Visal TH, Pirlog R, Ladomery M, Calin GA. Going circular: history, present, and future of circRNAs in cancer. Oncogene. 2023;42:2783–2800.
Google Scholar
Fang L, Gu W, Li R, Chen C, Cai S, Luozhong S, et al. Controlling Circular RNA Encapsulation within Extracellular Vesicles for Gene Editing and Protein Replacement. ACS Nano. 2024;18:30378–87.
Google Scholar

