Kühlbrandt W. Structure and mechanisms of F-Type ATP synthases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2019;88:515–49.
Google Scholar
Green DR, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Cell biology. Metabolic control of cell death. Science. 2014;345:1250256.
Google Scholar
Nůsková H, Mráček T, Mikulová T, Vrbacký M, Kovářová N, Kovalčíková J, et al. Mitochondrial ATP synthasome: expression and structural interaction of its components. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;464:787–93.
Google Scholar
Ko YH, Delannoy M, Hullihen J, Chiu W, Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial ATP synthasome. Cristae-enriched membranes and a multiwell detergent screening assay yield dispersed single complexes containing the ATP synthase and carriers for Pi and ADP/ATP. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:12305–9.
Google Scholar
Chen C, Ko Y, Delannoy M, Ludtke SJ, Chiu W, Pedersen PL. Mitochondrial ATP synthasome: three-dimensional structure by electron microscopy of the ATP synthase in complex formation with carriers for Pi and ADP/ATP. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:31761–8.
Google Scholar
Beutner G, Alanzalon RE, Porter GA Jr. Cyclophilin D regulates the dynamic assembly of mitochondrial ATP synthase into synthasomes. Sci Rep. 2017;7:14488.
Google Scholar
Saks V, Kuznetsov AV, Gonzalez-Granillo M, Tepp K, Timohhina N, Karu-Varikmaa M, et al. Intracellular energetic units regulate metabolism in cardiac cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2012;52:419–36.
Google Scholar
Saks V, Guzun R, Timohhina N, Tepp K, Varikmaa M, Monge C, et al. Structure-function relationships in feedback regulation of energy fluxes in vivo in health and disease: mitochondrial interactosome. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1797:678–97.
Google Scholar
Buneeva OA, Medvedev AE. DJ-1 protein and its role in the development of parkinson’s disease: studies on experimental models. Biochemistry. 2021;86:627–40.
Google Scholar
Tzeng YT, Kang YT, Hsiao TH, Chu PY, Yong SB, Lin SC, et al. ATP synthasome contributes to efficient energy flux in malignant breast cancer. Mol Cancer. 2026;25:89.
Kopp F, Mendell JT. Functional classification and experimental dissection of long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2018;172:393–407.
Google Scholar
Statello L, Guo CJ, Chen LL, Huarte M. Gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs and its biological functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:96–118.
Google Scholar
Chen LL, Kim VN. Small and long non-coding RNAs: Past, present, and future. Cell. 2024;187:6451–85.
Google Scholar
Gervais NC, Shapiro RS. Discovering the hidden function in fungal genomes. Nat Commun. 2024;15:8219.
Google Scholar
Mattick JS, Amaral PP, Carninci P, Carpenter S, Chang HY, Chen LL, et al. Long non-coding RNAs: definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2023;24:430–47.
Google Scholar
Lu S, Zhang J, Lian X, Sun L, Meng K, Chen Y, et al. A hidden human proteome encoded by ‘non-coding’ genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47:8111–25.
Google Scholar
Yi Q, Feng J, Lan W, Shi H, Sun W, Sun W. CircRNA and lncRNA-encoded peptide in diseases, an updated review. Mol Cancer. 2024;23:214.
Google Scholar
Zheng X, Wang M, Liu S, Chen H, Li Y, Yuan F, et al. A lncRNA-encoded mitochondrial micropeptide exacerbates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:126.
Google Scholar
Sang Y, Liu JY, Wang FY, Luo XY, Chen ZQ, Zhuang SM, et al. Mitochondrial micropeptide STMP1 promotes G1/S transition by enhancing mitochondrial complex IV activity. Mol Ther. 2022;30:2844–55.
Google Scholar
Wang T, Sun F, Li C, Nan P, Song Y, Wan X, et al. MTA1, a novel ATP synthase complex modulator, enhances colon cancer liver metastasis by driving mitochondrial metabolism reprogramming. Adv Sci. 2023;10:e2300756.
Google Scholar
Ge Q, Jia D, Cen D, Qi Y, Shi C, Li J, et al. Micropeptide ASAP encoded by LINC00467 promotes colorectal cancer progression by directly modulating ATP synthase activity. J Clin Investig. 2021;131:e152911.
Xiao MH, Lin YF, Xie PP, Chen HX, Deng JW, Zhang W, et al. Downregulation of a mitochondrial micropeptide, MPM, promotes hepatoma metastasis by enhancing mitochondrial complex I activity. Mol Ther. 2022;30:714–25.
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Reljić B, Liang C, Kerouanton B, Francisco JC, Peh JH, et al. Mitochondrial peptide BRAWNIN is essential for vertebrate respiratory complex III assembly. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1312.
Google Scholar
Yang X, Ding A, Wu S, Jiang Z, Li Y, Huang X, et al. FuHsi regulates rDNA transcription and promotes tumor progression. Sci Bull. 2025;70:3964-3967.
Vögtle FN, Burkhart JM, Gonczarowska-Jorge H, Kücükköse C, Taskin AA, Kopczynski D, et al. Landscape of submitochondrial protein distribution. Nat Commun. 2017;8:290.
Google Scholar
Kamiyama D, Sekine S, Barsi-Rhyne B, Hu J, Chen B, Gilbert LA, et al. Versatile protein tagging in cells with split fluorescent protein. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11046.
Google Scholar
Zheng W, Chai P, Zhu J, Zhang K. High-resolution in situ structures of mammalian respiratory supercomplexes. Nature. 2024;631:232–9.
Google Scholar
Waltz F, Righetto RD, Lamm L, Salinas-Giegé T, Kelley R, Zhang X, et al. In-cell architecture of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Science. 2025;387:1296–301.
Google Scholar
Milenkovic D, Misic J, Hevler JF, Molinié T, Chung I, Atanassov I, et al. Preserved respiratory chain capacity and physiology in mice with profoundly reduced levels of mitochondrial respirasomes. Cell Metab. 2023;35:1799–813.e7.
Google Scholar
Fiorillo M, Scatena C, Naccarato AG, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Bedaquiline, an FDA-approved drug, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production and metastasis in vivo by targeting the gamma subunit (ATP5F1C) of the ATP synthase. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28:2797–817.
Google Scholar
Fornes O, Castro-Mondragon JA, Khan A, van der Lee R, Zhang X, Richmond PA, et al. JASPAR 2020: update of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48:D87–d92.
Google Scholar
Grabe N. AliBaba2: context-specific identification of transcription factor binding sites. Silico Biol. 2002;2:S1–15.
Messeguer X, Escudero R, Farré D, Núñez O, Martínez J, Albà MM. PROMO: detection of known transcription regulatory elements using species-tailored searches. Bioinformatics. 2002;18:333–4.
Google Scholar
Ben-Shachar D. The interplay between mitochondrial complex I, dopamine and Sp1 in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm. 2009;116:1383–96.
Google Scholar
Cai B, Ma M, Zhang J, Wang Z, Kong S, Zhou Z, et al. LncEDCH1 improves mitochondrial function to reduce muscle atrophy by interacting with SERCA2. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022;27:319–34.
Google Scholar
Stein CS, Jadiya P, Zhang X, McLendon JM, Abouassaly GM, Witmer NH, et al. Mitoregulin: an incRNA-encoded microprotein that supports mitochondrial supercomplexes and respiratory efficiency. Cell Rep. 2018;23:3710–20.e8.
Google Scholar
Makarewich CA, Baskin KK, Munir AZ, Bezprozvannaya S, Sharma G, Khemtong C, et al. MOXI is a mitochondrial micropeptide that enhances fatty acid β-oxidation. Cell Rep. 2018;23:3701–9.
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Guo Y, Fidelito G, Robinson DRL, Liang C, Lim R, et al. LINC00116-encoded microprotein mitoregulin regulates fatty acid metabolism at the mitochondrial outer membrane. iScience. 2023;26:107558.
Google Scholar
Chugunova A, Loseva E, Mazin P, Mitina A, Navalayeu T, Bilan D, et al. LINC00116 codes for a mitochondrial peptide linking respiration and lipid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:4940–5.
Google Scholar
Liang C, Zhang S, Robinson D, Ploeg MV, Wilson R, Nah J, et al. Mitochondrial microproteins link metabolic cues to respiratory chain biogenesis. Cell Rep. 2022;40:111204.
Google Scholar
Zhang L, Guo R, Xiao C, Li J, Gu J, Yang M. Structural basis for the regulatory mechanism of mammalian mitochondrial respiratory chain megacomplex-I2III2IV2. Life. 2024;2:189–200.
Google Scholar

