Ali Zaidi, S. S. et al. Engineering siRNA therapeutics: challenges and strategies. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21, 381. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-02147-z (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Wang, C. E., Zhen, D., Yang, L. & Li, G. Clinical development prospects of siRNA drugs for tumor therapy: analysis of clinical trial registration data from 2004 to 2024. Front. Pharmacol. 16, 1637958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1637958 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Tatiparti, K., Sau, S., Kashaw, S. K. & Iyer, A. K. siRNA delivery strategies: A comprehensive review of recent developments. Nanomaterials (Basel Switzerland). 7, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7040077 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Diener, Y. et al. RNA-based, transient modulation of gene expression in human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Sci. Rep. 5, 17184. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17184 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Bäumer, N. et al. Electrostatic anti-CD33-antibody-protamine nanocarriers as platform for a targeted treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. J. Hematol. Oncol. 15, 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01390-5 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Bäumer, N. et al. Targeted siRNA nanocarrier: A platform technology for cancer treatment. Oncogene Apr. 41 (15), 2210–2224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-022-02241-w (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Faust, A. et al. Tumor-Cell-Specific Targeting of Ibrutinib: Introducing Electrostatic Antibody-Inhibitor Conjugates (AiCs). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 61, e202109769. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109769 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Faust, A. et al. Photodynamic ROS inducers delivered via electrostatic antibody targeted (ELART) nanocarriers incorporate into tumour cells and inhibit colony growth. Chem Commun. (Camb) May. 28 (44), 8079–8082. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cc06569g (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Balhorn, R. The protamine family of sperm nuclear proteins. Genome Biol. 8, 227; https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-227 (2007).
Google ScholarÂ
Liu, J. et al. A mitochondria-targeting heptamethine cyanine-chlorambucil formulated polymeric nanoparticle to potentiate native tumor chemotherapeutic efficacy. Biomaterials Sci. 12, 2614–2625. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4BM00003J (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Usama, S. M. & Burgess, K. Hows and whys of tumor-seeking dyes. Acc. Chem. Res. 54, 2121–2131. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00733 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Zhang, E., Luo, S., Tan, X. & Shi, C. Mechanistic study of IR-780 dye as a potential tumor targeting and drug delivery agent. Biomaterials 35, 771–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.033 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
KejÃk, Z. et al. Cyanine dyes in the mitochondria-targeting photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Commun. Chem. 7, 180. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-024-01256-6 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Bhattarai, P. & Dai, Z. Cyanine based nanoprobes for cancer theranostics. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6, 1700262. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201700262 (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Maia, A. et al. A new demand for improved selectivity and potency of cyanine dyes as antiproliferative agents against colorectal cancer cells. Molecules (Basel Switzerland). 29, 5581. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235581 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Jo, G., Kim, E. J. & Hyun, H. Enhanced tumor uptake and retention of cyanine dye-albumin complex for tumor-targeted imaging and phototherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010862 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Park, Y., Yang, J. & Hyun, H. A. phthalimide-functionalized heptamethine cyanine dye for tumor-targeted photothermal therapy. Cancers 16, 4155. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244155 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Thomas, A. P., Palanikumar, L., Jeena, M. T., Kim, K. & Ryu, J. H. Cancer-mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy with supramolecular assembly of HA and a water soluble NIR cyanine dye. Chem. Sci. 8, 8351–8356. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sc03169f (2017).
Google ScholarÂ
Ramzan, R. et al. Protamine Sulfate Induces Mitochondrial Hyperpolarization and a Subsequent Increase in Reactive Oxygen Species Production. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 370, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.119.257725 (2019).
Google ScholarÂ
Short, N. J., Jabbour, E., Jain, N. & Kantarjian, H. Inotuzumab ozogamicin for the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: past progress, current research and future directions. J. Hematol. Oncol. 17 , 32.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-024-01552-7 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Furman, R. R. et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl. J. Med. 370, 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1315226 (2014).
Google ScholarÂ
Bäumer, N. et al. Antibody-coupled siRNA as an efficient method for in vivo mRNA knockdown. Nat. Protoc. 11, 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.137 (2016).
Google ScholarÂ
Bäumer, N. et al. Downregulation of PIK3CA via antibody-esiRNA-complexes suppresses human xenograft tumor growth. PLoS One. 13, e0200163. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200163 (2018).
Google ScholarÂ
Bäumer, S. et al. Antibody-mediated delivery of anti-KRAS-siRNA in vivo overcomes therapy resistance in colon cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. Mar. 15 (6), 1383–1394 (2015).
Google ScholarÂ
Roshanzadeh, A. et al. Next-generation photosensitizers: Cyanine-carborane salts for superior photodynamic therapy of metastatic cancer. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 64, e202419759. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202419759 (2025).
Google ScholarÂ
Gauthier, F., Bertrand, J. R., Vasseur, J. J., Dupouy, C. & Debart, F. Conjugation of doxorubicin to siRNA through disulfide-based self-immolative linkers. Molecules (Basel Switzerland). 25, 2714. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112714 (2020).
Google ScholarÂ
Zhao, Y. et al. Investigation of a dual siRNA/chemotherapy delivery system for breast cancer therapy. ACS Omega. 7, 17119–17127. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00620 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Şenel, B., Başaran, E., Akyıl, E., Güven, U. M. & Büyükköroğlu, G. Co-delivery of siRNA and docetaxel to cancer cells by NLC for therapy. ACS Omega. 9, 11671–11685. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c09098 (2024).
Google ScholarÂ
Grünweller, A., Gillen, C., Erdmann, V. A. & Kurreck, J. Cellular uptake and localization of a Cy3-labeled siRNA specific for the serine/threonine kinase Pim-1. Oligonucleotides 13, 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1089/154545703322617023 (2003).
Google ScholarÂ
Shin, S. et al. Sniffing for gene-silencing efficiency of siRNAs in HeLa cells in comparison with that in HEK293T cells: correlation between knockdown efficiency and sustainability of sirnas revealed by FRET-based probing. Nucleic Acid Ther. 23, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1089/nat.2012.0396 (2013).
Google ScholarÂ
Harmanen, M. et al. Survival of patients with mantle cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: Retrospective binational analysis between 2000 and 2020. Br. J. Haematol. 201, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.18597 (2023).
Google ScholarÂ
Crombie, J. & LaCasce, A. The treatment of Burkitt lymphoma in adults. Blood 137, 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004099 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Arber, D. A. et al. International consensus classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias: Integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data. Blood 140, 1200–1228. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2022015850 (2022).
Google ScholarÂ
Paietta, E. et al. Molecular classification improves risk assessment in adult BCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL. Blood 138, 948–958. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020010144 (2021).
Google ScholarÂ
Lai, B., Lai, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M. & OuYang, G. Survival prediction in acute myeloid leukemia using gene expression profiling. BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak. 22, 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01791-z (2022).
Google ScholarÂ

