Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229–263 (2024).
Google Scholar
Pabla, B. S., Shah, S. C., Corral, J. E. & Morgan, D. R. Increased incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in immigrant populations from high to low regions of incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 347–359.e5 (2020).
Google Scholar
Petrillo, A. & Smyth, E. C. 27 years of stomach cancer: painting a global picture. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 5–6 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rumgay, H. et al. International trends in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma incidence. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116, 1072–1076 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ben-Aharon, I. et al. Early-onset cancer in the gastrointestinal tract is on the rise-evidence and implications. Cancer Discov. 13, 538–551 (2023).
Google Scholar
Lumish, M. A. et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of early-onset vs average-onset esophagogastric cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 116, 299–308 (2024).
Google Scholar
Qu, X. et al. The clinicopathological characteristics of early-onset gastric cancer and its evolutionary trends: a retrospective study. Am. J. Cancer Res. 12, 2757–2769 (2022).
Google Scholar
Pan, K. F. et al. Gastric cancer prevention by community eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nat. Med. 30, 3250–3260 (2024).
Google Scholar
National Cancer Institute. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Cancer Statistics Review. NCI https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html and https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html (2026).
National Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Audit. State of the Nation Report 2025. NOGCA https://www.natcan.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/NOGCA-State-of-the-Nation-Report-September-2025-Version-2.pdf (2025).
Cancer Statistics In Japan 2025. https://ganjoho.jp/public/qa_links/report/statistics/pdf/cancer_statistics_2025_fig_E.pdf (2025).
Chen, Y. et al. The current landscape of gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction cancer diagnosis and treatment in China: a comprehensive nationwide cohort analysis. J. Hematol. Oncol. 18, 42 (2025).
Google Scholar
Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Group. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359, 1727–1733 (2002).
Google Scholar
Allum, W. H., Stenning, S. P., Bancewicz, J., Clark, P. I. & Langley, R. E. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 5062–5067 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cunningham, D. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 11–20 (2006).
Google Scholar
Alderson, D. et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 18, 1249–1260 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ychou, M. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 1715–1721 (2011).
Google Scholar
Al-Batran, S. E. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 393, 1948–1957 (2019).
Google Scholar
Obermannová, R. et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 35, 673–690 (2024).
Sakuramoto, S. et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 1810–1820 (2007).
Google Scholar
Noh, S. H. et al. Adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy (CLASSIC): 5-year follow-up of an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 15, 1389–1396 (2014).
Google Scholar
Park, S. H. et al. Phase III trial to compare adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine and cisplatin versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer: final report of the adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in stomach tumors trial, including survival and subset analyses. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 3130–3136 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kakeji, Y. et al. Three-year outcomes of a randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 plus docetaxel versus S-1 alone in stage III gastric cancer: JACCRO GC-07. Gastric Cancer 25, 188–196 (2022).
Google Scholar
Park, S. H. et al. A randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant single-agent S1, S-1 with oxaliplatin, and postoperative chemoradiation with S-1 and oxaliplatin in patients with node-positive gastric cancer after D2 resection: the ARTIST 2 trial. Ann. Oncol. 32, 368–374 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kang, Y. K. et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and S-1 plus surgery and adjuvant S-1 for resectable advanced gastric cancer: updated overall survival outcomes from phase III PRODIGY. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 2961–2965 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Perioperative or postoperative adjuvant oxaliplatin with S-1 versus adjuvant oxaliplatin with capecitabine in patients with locally advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma undergoing D2 gastrectomy (RESOLVE): final report of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 26, 312–319 (2025).
Google Scholar
Macdonald, J. S. et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 725–730 (2001).
Google Scholar
Smalley, S. R. et al. Updated analysis of SWOG-directed intergroup study 0116: a phase III trial of adjuvant radiochemotherapy versus observation after curative gastric cancer resection. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 2327–2333 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cats, A. et al. Chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy after surgery and preoperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer (CRITICS): an international, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 19, 616–628 (2018).
Google Scholar
de Steur, W. O. et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy is superior to chemoradiation after D2 surgery for gastric cancer in the per-protocol analysis of the randomized CRITICS trial. Ann. Oncol. 32, 360–367 (2021).
Google Scholar
van Hagen, P. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 366, 2074–2084 (2012).
Google Scholar
Shapiro, J. et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 16, 1090–1098 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hoeppner, J. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy or preoperative chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 392, 323–335 (2025).
Google Scholar
Hoeppner, J. et al. Recurrence patterns of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the phase III ESOPEC trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 43, 3451–3456 (2025).
Google Scholar
Leong, T. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 1810–1821 (2024).
Google Scholar
Janjigian, Y. Y. et al. First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 398, 27–40 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kang, Y. K. et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 390, 2461–2471 (2017).
Google Scholar
Galluzzi, L. et al. Immunostimulation with chemotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 17, 725–741 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jiang, H. et al. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant sintilimab, oxaliplatin and capecitabine in patients with locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: early results of a phase 2 study. J. Immunother. Cancer 10, e003635 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ji, Z. et al. Multiomics reveals tumor microenvironment remodeling in locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer following neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemotherapy. J. Immunother. Cancer 12, e010041 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhong, W. J. et al. Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab combined with oxaliplatin and S-1 as neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a phase II, single-arm study. Cancer Med. 13, e7006 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhao, Y. et al. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis of resectable locally advanced gastric cancer: assessing response to neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy in a single-center, open-label, single-arm phase II trial. Clin. Transl. Med. 14, e1674 (2024).
Google Scholar
Verschoor, Y. L. et al. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the phase 2 PANDA trial. Nat. Med. 30, 519–530 (2024).
Google Scholar
Lorenzen, S. et al. Perioperative atezolizumab plus fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel for resectable esophagogastric cancer: interim results from the randomized, multicenter, phase II/III DANTE/IKF-s633 trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 410–420 (2024).
Google Scholar
Shitara, K. et al. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal cancer (KEYNOTE-585): an interim analysis of the multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 25, 212–224 (2024).
Google Scholar
Shitara, K. et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy as perioperative therapy in locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer: final analysis of the randomized, phase III KEYNOTE-585 study. J. Clin. Oncol. 43, 3152–3159 (2025).
Google Scholar
Liu, P. et al. PD-1 blockade synergizes with oxaliplatin-based, but not cisplatin-based, chemotherapy of gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 11, 2093518 (2022).
Google Scholar
Janjigian, Y. Y. et al. Perioperative durvalumab in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 217–230 (2025).
Google Scholar
Tabernero, J. et al. Final overall survival and the association of pathological outcomes with event-free survival in MATTERHORN: a randomised, phase 3 study of durvalumab plus 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel in resectable gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 36, S1623–S1624 (2025).
Google Scholar
Oshima, T. et al. Perioperative pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: Asia versus non-Asia subgroup analysis of KEYNOTE-585. J. Clin. Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.4194 (2025).
Janjigian, Y. Y. et al. Efficacy and safety of perioperative durvalumab plus 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel (FLOT) in resectable gastric/gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma in Asia: a subgroup analysis of the MATTERHORN trial. Ann. Oncol. 36, S1860–S1861 (2025).
Google Scholar
Kang, Y. K. et al. Adjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for stage III gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer after gastrectomy with D2 or more extensive lymph-node dissection (ATTRACTION-5): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 705–717 (2024).
Google Scholar
Lordick, F. et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with resected gastric and oesophagogastric junction cancer following preoperative chemotherapy with high risk for recurrence (ypN+ and/or R1): European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 1707 VESTIGE study. Ann. Oncol. 36, 197–207 (2025).
Google Scholar
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature 513, 202–209 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kwon, M. et al. Determinants of response and intrinsic resistance to PD-1 blockade in microsatellite instability-high gastric cancer. Cancer Discov. 11, 2168–2185 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pietrantonio, F. et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of the value of microsatellite instability as a biomarker in gastric cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 37, 3392–3400 (2019).
Google Scholar
Choi, Y. Y. et al. Microsatellite instability and programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in stage II/III gastric cancer: post hoc analysis of the CLASSIC randomized controlled study. Ann. Surg. 270, 309–316 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hyung, J. et al. DNA mismatch repair deficiency and outcomes of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer treated with preoperative docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and S-1 plus surgery and postoperative S-1 or surgery plus postoperative S-1: a sub-analysis of the phase 3 PRODIGY trial. Gastric Cancer 27, 110–117 (2024).
Google Scholar
André, T. et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab and adjuvant nivolumab in localized deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma: the GERCOR NEONIPIGA phase II study. J. Clin. Oncol. 41, 255–265 (2023).
Google Scholar
Filippo, P. et al. INFINITY: a multicentre, single-arm, multi-cohort, phase II trial of tremelimumab and durvalumab as neoadjuvant treatment of patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI) resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GAC/GEJAC). J. Clin. Oncol. 41, 358 (2023).
Google Scholar
Raimondi, A. et al. Tremelimumab and durvalumab as neoadjuvant or non-operative management strategy of patients with microsatellite instability-high resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the INFINITY study by GONO. Ann. Oncol. 36, 285–296 (2025).
Google Scholar
Nakamura, Y., Kawazoe, A., Lordick, F., Janjigian, Y. Y. & Shitara, K. Biomarker-targeted therapies for advanced-stage gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction cancers: an emerging paradigm. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 18, 473–487 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bang, Y. J. et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376, 687–697 (2010).
Google Scholar
Janjigian, Y. Y. et al. Final overall survival for the phase III, KEYNOTE-811 study of pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy for HER2+ advanced, unresectable or metastatic G/GEJ adenocarcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 35, S877–S878 (2024).
Google Scholar
Shitara, K. et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan or ramucirumab plus paclitaxel in gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 336–348 (2025).
Google Scholar
Al-Batran, S. E. et al. Histopathological regression after neoadjuvant docetaxel, oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil or capecitabine in patients with resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4-AIO): results from the phase 2 part of a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 17, 1697–1708 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hofheinz, R. D. et al. Trastuzumab in combination with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel as perioperative treatment for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive locally advanced esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: a phase II trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie Gastric Cancer Study Group. Int. J. Cancer 149, 1322–1331 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hofheinz, R. D. et al. FLOT versus FLOT/trastuzumab/pertuzumab perioperative therapy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive resectable esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: a randomized phase II trial of the AIO EGA Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 40, 3750–3761 (2022).
Google Scholar
Wagner, A. et al. O-5 Integrating trastuzumab (T), with or without pertuzumab (P), into perioperative chemotherapy (CT) of HER-2+ gastric cancer (GC) – subgroup analyses of EORTC 1203 “INNOVATION”, a collaboration with KCSG and DUCG. Ann. Oncol. 34, S182 (2023).
Google Scholar
Peng, Z. et al. Atezolizumab and trastuzumab plus chemotherapy for ERBB2-positive locally advanced resectable gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 11, 619–624 (2025).
Google Scholar
Tokunaga, M. et al. Early endpoints of a randomized phase II trial of preoperative chemotherapy with S-1/CDDP with or without trastuzumab followed by surgery for HER2-positive resectable gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma with extensive lymph node metastasis: Japan Clinical Oncology Group study JCOG1301C (Trigger Study). Gastric Cancer 27, 580–589 (2024).
Google Scholar
Smyth, E. C. et al. Safety and efficacy of the addition of lapatinib to perioperative chemotherapy for resectable HER2-positive gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: a randomized phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 5, 1181–1187 (2019).
Google Scholar
Stein, A. et al. Perioperative pembrolizumab, trastuzumab and FLOT in HER2-positive localized esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: a phase 2 trial. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03979-y (2025).
Takahari, D. et al. Phase 2 study of trastuzumab deruxtecan as neoadjuvant treatment for HER2-positive gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (EPOC2003). J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 309 (2024).
Google Scholar
Shitara, K. et al. Zolbetuximab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative, untreated, locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (SPOTLIGHT): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet 401, 1655–1668 (2023).
Google Scholar
Shah, M. A. et al. Zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the randomized, phase 3 GLOW trial. Nat. Med. 29, 2133–2141 (2023).
Google Scholar
Lorenzo, G. et al. Claudin 18.2 determination in locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 43, 492–492 (2025).
Google Scholar
Massa, V. et al. Concordance of PD-L1 status in primary gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma and matched peritoneal metastases: a single institution study. ESMO Gastrointest. Oncol. 5, 100089 (2024).
Google Scholar
Fujitani, K. et al. Gastrectomy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor (REGATTA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 17, 309–318 (2016).
Google Scholar
Al-Batran, S. E. et al. Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection on survival in patients with limited metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: the AIO-FLOT3 trial. JAMA Oncol. 3, 1237–1244 (2017).
Google Scholar
Al-Batran, S. et al. Effect of chemotherapy/targeted therapy alone vs. chemotherapy/targeted therapy followed by radical surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with limited-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction: the IKF-575/RENAISSANCE phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, LBA4001–LBA4001 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kroese, T. E. et al. Definitions and treatment of oligometastatic oesophagogastric cancer according to multidisciplinary tumour boards in Europe. Eur. J. Cancer 164, 18–29 (2022).
Google Scholar
Montagnani, F. et al. Long-term survival after liver metastasectomy in gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer Treat. Rev. 69, 11–20 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rau, B. et al. Effect of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy on cytoreductive surgery in gastric cancer with synchronous peritoneal metastases: the phase III GASTRIPEC-I trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 146–156 (2024).
Google Scholar
Yu, P. et al. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) plus systemic chemotherapy versus systemic chemotherapy alone in locally advanced gastric cancer after D2 radical resection: a randomized-controlled study. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 149, 11491–11498 (2023).
Google Scholar
Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature 541, 169–175 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bian, Y. S., Osterheld, M. C., Fontolliet, C., Bosman, F. T. & Benhattar, J. p16 inactivation by methylation of the CDKN2A promoter occurs early during neoplastic progression in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology 122, 1113–1121 (2002).
Google Scholar
Qu, Y., Dang, S. & Hou, P. Gene methylation in gastric cancer. Clin. Chim. Acta 424, 53–65 (2013).
Google Scholar
Smyth, E. C., Nilsson, M., Grabsch, H. I., van Grieken, N. C. T. & Lordick, F. Gastric cancer. Lancet 396, 635–648 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zeng, D. et al. Tumor microenvironment characterization in gastric cancer identifies prognostic and immunotherapeutically relevant gene signatures. Cancer Immunol. Res. 7, 737–750 (2019).
Google Scholar
Riihimäki, M., Hemminki, A., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J. & Hemminki, K. Metastatic spread in patients with gastric cancer. Oncotarget 7, 52307–52316 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhao, J. J. et al. Spatially resolved niche and tumor microenvironmental alterations in gastric cancer peritoneal metastases. Gastroenterology 167, 1384–1398.e4 (2024).
Google Scholar
Owen, R. et al. Prognostic impact of positive peritoneal cytology (POPEC) in gastric cancer: multi-centre European retrospective cohort study. Surg. Oncol. Insight 2, 100145 (2025).
Google Scholar
Jamel, S. et al. Prognostic significance of peritoneal lavage cytology in staging gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer 21, 10–18 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tang, Z. et al. The Neo-PLANET phase II trial of neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced adenocarcinoma of stomach or gastroesophageal junction. Nat. Commun. 13, 6807 (2022).
Google Scholar
Nie, R. C. et al. Perioperative tislelizumab plus chemotherapy for locally advanced gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (NEOSUMMIT-03): a prospective, nonrandomized, open-label, phase 2 trial. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 10, 60 (2025).
Google Scholar
Alcindor, T. et al. Phase 2 trial of perioperative chemo-immunotherapy for gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma: the role of M2 macrophage landscape in predicting response. Cell Rep. Med. 6, 102045 (2025).
Google Scholar
Carroll, T. M. et al. Tumor monocyte content predicts immunochemotherapy outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 41, 1222–1241.e7 (2023).
Google Scholar
Carroll, T. M. et al. High tumor monocyte content predicts long-term survival for patients with operable oesophageal cancer treated with neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in the LUD2015-005 trial. Cancer Res. 84, CT208 (2024).
Google Scholar
Iden, C. R. et al. Circulating tumor DNA predicts recurrence and survival in patients with resectable gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer. Gastric Cancer 28, 83–95 (2025).
Google Scholar
Zaanan, A. et al. Longitudinal circulating tumor DNA analysis during treatment of locally advanced resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the PLAGAST prospective biomarker study. Nat. Commun. 16, 6815 (2025).
Google Scholar
Lander, E. M. et al. Circulating tumor DNA as a prognostic biomarker for recurrence in patients with locoregional esophagogastric cancers with a pathologic complete response. JCO Precis. Oncol. 8, e2400288 (2024).
Google Scholar
Cabel, L. et al. Limited sensitivity of circulating tumor DNA detection by droplet digital PCR in non-metastatic operable gastric cancer patients. Cancers 11, 396 (2019).
Google Scholar
Zhang, M. et al. Liquid biopsy: circulating tumor DNA monitors neoadjuvant chemotherapy response and prognosis in stage II/III gastric cancer. Mol. Oncol. 17, 1930–1942 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ococks, E. et al. Serial circulating tumor DNA detection using a personalized, tumor-informed assay in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients following resection. Gastroenterology 161, 1705–1708.e2 (2021).
Google Scholar
Paschold, L. & Binder, M. Circulating tumor DNA in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer. Curr. Oncol. 29, 1430–1441 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zhao, D. et al. Personalized analysis of minimal residual cancer cells in peritoneal lavage fluid predicts peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. J. Hematol. Oncol. 14, 164 (2021).
Google Scholar
Liu, Z. et al. Circulating tumor DNA analysis for prediction of prognosis and molecular insights in patients with resectable gastric cancer: results from a prospective study. MedComm 6, e70065 (2025).
Google Scholar
Elizabeth Catherine, S. et al. A single arm phase II trial of trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with gastrooesophageal adenocarcinoma cancer who are ctDNA and HER2 positive: DECIPHER. J. Clin. Oncol. 43, TPS512–TPS512 (2025).
Nasca, V. et al. Adjuvant TRastuzumab deruxtecan plus fluoropyrimidine versus standard chemotherapy in HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal cancer patients with persistence of minimal residual disease in liquid biopsy after pre-operative chemotherapy and radical surgery: the multicentre, phase II randomized TRINITY trial. BMC Cancer 25, 633 (2025).
Google Scholar
Tie, J. et al. Circulating tumor DNA-guided adjuvant therapy in locally advanced colon cancer: the randomized phase 2/3 DYNAMIC-III trial. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04030-w (2025).
Kroese, T. E. et al. European clinical practice guidelines for the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of oligometastatic esophagogastric cancer (OMEC-4). Eur. J. Cancer 204, 114062 (2024).
Google Scholar
Fuchs, C. S. et al. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil compared with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with fluorouracil and leucovorin after curative resection of gastric cancer: results from CALGB 80101 (Alliance). J. Clin. Oncol. 35, 3671–3677 (2017).
Google Scholar
