Keall, P. J. & Webb, S. Optimum parameters in a model for tumour control probability, including interpatient heterogeneity: evaluation of the log-normal distribution. Phys. Med. Biol. 52, 291–302 (2007).
Google Scholar
Peng, H., Deng, J., Jiang, S. & Timmerman, R. Rethinking the potential role of dose painting in personalized ultra-fractionated stereotactic adaptive radiotherapy. Front. Oncol. 14, 1357790 (2024).
Google Scholar
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon Beam Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). ICRU Report 83 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2010).
Samir, F. et al. Analytical dosimetric study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for prostate cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 149, 6239–6246 (2023).
Google Scholar
Tatsuno, Y. et al. Comprehensive plan quality assessment of simplified volumetric-modulated arc therapy for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy. Radiol. Phys. Technol. 18, 547–555 (2025).
Google Scholar
Durante, M., Debus, J. & Loeffler, J. S. Physics and biomedical challenges of cancer therapy with accelerated heavy ions. Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 777–790 (2021).
Google Scholar
Csiki, E. et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy in lung cancer: a contemporary review. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 30, 1611709 (2024).
Google Scholar
Gill, A. et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage lung cancer: a systematic review on the choice of photon energy and linac flattened/unflattened beams. Radiat. Oncol. 19, 1 (2024).
Google Scholar
Palma, D. A. et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus standard of care palliative treatment in patients with oligometastatic cancers (SABR-COMET): a randomised, phase 2, open-label trial. Lancet 393, 2051–2058 (2019).
Google Scholar
Taori, S. et al. Long term outcomes following upfront stereotactic body radiotherapy alone for spinal metastases. J. Neurooncol. 175, 243–254 (2025).
Google Scholar
Bartl, A. J. et al. Systematic review of single-fraction stereotactic body radiation therapy for early stage non-small-cell lung cancer and lung oligometastases: how to stop worrying and love one and done. Cancers 14, 790 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ramasamy, G. & Muanza, T. Radiomics as biomarkers for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with stereotactic body radiation therapy: a review of concepts. Cureus 16, e73082 (2024).
Google Scholar
Jánváry, Z. L. et al. Long-term clinical results of early-stage lung cancer patients treated with risk-adapted stereotactic body radiotherapy using LINAC or CyberKnife : a single-institution analysis of more than 400 cases. Strahlenther. Onkol. 201, 1208–1218 (2025).
Google Scholar
Klement, R. J. et al. Correlating dose variables with local tumor control in stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a modeling study on 1500 individual treatments. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 107, 579–586 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lax, I. Target dose versus extratarget dose in stereotactic radiosurgery. Acta Oncol. 32, 453–457 (1993).
Google Scholar
Song, C. W., Sloan, L., Terezakis, S., Yang, K. & Griffin, R. J. Historical review of the role of indirect cell death in high-dose per fraction radiation therapy. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 11, 101971 (2025).
Google Scholar
Prezado, Y. et al. Spatially fractionated radiation therapy: a critical review on current status of clinical and preclinical studies and knowledge gaps. Phys. Med. Biol. 69, 10TR02 (2024).
Google Scholar
Tonello, S., Rolla, R., Tillio, P. A., Sainaghi, P. P. & Colangelo, D. Microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity as pharmacological targets in precision oncology. Pharmaceuticals 18, 915 (2025).
Google Scholar
Duriseti, S. et al. Spatially fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (lattice) for large tumors. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 6, 100639 (2021).
Google Scholar
Verma, V. & Simone, C. B.II Approaches to stereotactic body radiation therapy for large (≥5 centimeter) non-small cell lung cancer. Transl. Lung Cancer Res. 8, 70–77 (2019).
Google Scholar
Schiavo, F., Toma-Dasu, I. & Kjellsson Lindblom, E. Hypoxia dose painting in SBRT — the virtual clinical trial approach. Acta Oncol. 62, 1239–1245 (2023).
Google Scholar
Kameni, L. E. et al. A review of radiation-induced vascular injury and clinical impact. Ann. Plast. Surg. 92, 181–185 (2024).
Google Scholar
Beckers, C., Pruschy, M. & Vetrugno, I. Tumor hypoxia and radiotherapy: a major driver of resistance even for novel radiotherapy modalities. Semin. Cancer Biol. 98, 19–30 (2024).
Google Scholar
Griffin, R. J. et al. Understanding high-dose, ultra-high dose rate, and spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 107, 766–778 (2020).
Google Scholar
Yan, W. et al. Spatially fractionated radiation therapy: history, present and the future. Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 20, 30–38 (2019).
Google Scholar
Billena, C. & Khan, A. J. A current review of spatial fractionation: back to the future? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 104, 177–187 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bentzen, S. M. & Gregoire, V. Molecular imaging-based dose painting: a novel paradigm for radiation therapy prescription. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 21, 101–110 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ciammella, P. et al. Safety of inhomogeneous dose distribution IMRT for high-grade glioma reirradiation: a prospective phase I/II trial (GLIORAD TRIAL). Cancers 14, 4604 (2022).
Google Scholar
Mireștean, C. C., Iancu, R. I. & Iancu, D. P. T. Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) vs. sequential boost in head and neck cancer (HNC) radiotherapy: a radiomics-based decision proof of concept. J. Clin. Med. 12, 2413 (2023).
Google Scholar
Cheng, J. Y., Huang, E. Y., Hsu, S. N. & Wang, C. J. Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) of the parametrium and cervix in radiotherapy for uterine cervical carcinoma: a dosimetric study using a new alternative approach. Br. J. Radiol. 89, 20160526 (2016).
Google Scholar
Prezado, Y. Divide and conquer: spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 24, e3 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ahmed, M. M. et al. Optimizing GRID and lattice spatially fractionated radiation therapy: innovative strategies for radioresistant and bulky tumor management. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 34, 310–322 (2024).
Google Scholar
Bekker, R. A. et al. Spatially fractionated GRID radiation potentiates immune-mediated tumor control. Radiat. Oncol. 19, 121 (2024).
Google Scholar
Balvasi, E., Mahmoudi, F., Geraily, G., Farnia, P. & Jafari, F. Modeling the impact of intercellular signaling on dose metrics and therapeutic outcomes in spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) for lung cancer. Sci. Rep. 15, 28592 (2025).
Google Scholar
Modic, Z., Markelc, B. & Jesenko, T. Partial-volume irradiation of murine tumors. Methods Mol. Biol. 2773, 97–104 (2024).
Google Scholar
Cho, Y. B., Yoon, N., Suh, J. H. & Scott, J. G. Radio-immune response modelling for spatially fractionated radiotherapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 68, 165010 (2023).
Google Scholar
Tubin, S., Ashdown, M. & Jeremic, B. Time-synchronized immune-guided SBRT partial bulky tumor irradiation targeting hypoxic segment while sparing the peritumoral immune microenvironment. Radiat. Oncol. 14, 220 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tubin, S. et al. Shifting the immune-suppressive to predominant immune-stimulatory radiation effects by SBRT-partial tumor irradiation targeting hypoxic segment (SBRT-PATHY). Cancers 13, 50 (2020).
Google Scholar
Iturri, L. et al. Evaluation of proton minibeam radiotherapy on antitumor immune responses in a rat model of glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol. Res. 13, 1854–1872 (2025).
Google Scholar
Bertho, A., Iturri, L. & Prezado, Y. Radiation-induced immune response in novel radiotherapy approaches FLASH and spatially fractionated radiotherapies. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 376, 37–68 (2023) .
Google Scholar
Tubin, S. et al. Novel time-synchronized immune-guided partial tumor irradiation: proof of principle trial. Radiother. Oncol. 199, 110442 (2024).
Google Scholar
Bouchet, A., Serduc, R., Laissue, J. A. & Djonov, V. Effects of microbeam radiation therapy on normal and tumoral blood vessels. Phys. Med. 31, 634–641 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mathieu, M. et al. Activation of STING in response to partial-tumor radiation exposure. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 117, 955–965 (2023).
Google Scholar
Asur, R., Butterworth, K. T., Penagaricano, J. A., Prise, K. M. & Griffin, R. J. High dose bystander effects in spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Cancer Lett. 356, 52–57 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jenkins, S. V., Johnsrud, A. J., Dings, R. P. M. & Griffin, R. J. Bystander effects in spatially fractionated radiation therapy: from molecule to organism to clinical implications. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 34, 284–291 (2024).
Google Scholar
Bertho, A. et al. Evaluation of the role of the immune system response after minibeam radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 115, 426–439 (2023).
Google Scholar
Sabatasso, S. et al. Microbeam radiation-induced tissue damage depends on the stage of vascular maturation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 80, 1522–1532 (2011).
Google Scholar
Garcia-Barros, M. et al. Tumor response to radiotherapy regulated by endothelial cell apoptosis. Science 300, 1155–1159 (2003).
Google Scholar
Griffin, R. J. et al. Microbeam radiation therapy alters vascular architecture and tumor oxygenation and is enhanced by a galectin-1 targeted anti-angiogenic peptide. Radiat. Res. 177, 804–812 (2012).
Google Scholar
Fontanella, A. N. et al. Effects of high-dose microbeam irradiation on tumor microvascular function and angiogenesis. Radiat. Res. 183, 147–158 (2015).
Google Scholar
Song, C. W. et al. Preferential tumor vascular damage is the common antitumor mechanism of high-dose hypofractionated radiation therapy: SABR, spatially fractionated radiation therapy, and FLASH radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 117, 701–704 (2023).
Google Scholar
Potiron, S. et al. The significance of dose heterogeneity on the anti-tumor response of minibeam radiation therapy. Radiother. Oncol. 201, 110577 (2024).
Google Scholar
Jackson, S. P. & Bartek, J. The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease. Nature 461, 1071–1078 (2009).
Google Scholar
Huang, R. X. & Zhou, P. K. DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 5, 60 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jagodinsky, J. C. et al. Intratumoral radiation dose heterogeneity augments antitumor immunity in mice and primes responses to checkpoint blockade. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadk0642 (2024).
Google Scholar
Sharabi, A. B., Lim, M., DeWeese, T. L. & Drake, C. G. Radiation and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy: radiosensitisation and potential mechanisms of synergy. Lancet Oncol. 16, e498–e509 (2015).
Google Scholar
Markovsky, E. et al. An antitumor immune response is evoked by partial-volume single-dose radiation in 2 murine models. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 103, 697–708 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lukas, L., Zhang, H., Cheng, K. & Epstein, A. Immune priming with spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 25, 1483–1496 (2023).
Google Scholar
Iori, F. et al. Lattice radiation therapy: a promising option in metastatic cold tumors, with a large primary lesion. Ann. Res. Oncol. 3, 1–10 (2022).
McMillan, M. T. et al. Spatially fractionated radiotherapy in the era of immunotherapy. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 34, 276–283 (2024).
Google Scholar
Lu, Q. et al. Combining spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) and immunotherapy opens new rays of hope for enhancing therapeutic ratio. Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 44, 100691 (2023).
Google Scholar
Xu, P. et al. Radiotherapy-triggered in situ tumor vaccination boosts checkpoint blockaded immune response via antigen-capturing nanoadjuvants. ACS Nano 18, 1022–1040 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhao, H. Progress of the application of spatially fractionated radiation therapy in palliative treatment of tumors. Discov. Oncol. 16, 678 (2025).
Google Scholar
De Martino, M., Daviaud, C. & Vanpouille-Box, C. Radiotherapy: an immune response modifier for immuno-oncology. Semin. Immunol. 52, 101474 (2021).
Google Scholar
Galluzzi, L., Aryankalayil, M. J., Coleman, C. N. & Formenti, S. C. Emerging evidence for adapting radiotherapy to immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 20, 543–557 (2023).
Google Scholar
Deng, L. et al. STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors. Immunity 41, 843–852 (2014).
Google Scholar
Vanpouille-Box, C. et al. DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity. Nat. Commun. 8, 15618 (2017).
Google Scholar
Vanpouille-Box, C. Recent mechanistic insight into the immunogenic properties of radiation-induced micronuclei. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 121, 283–286 (2025).
Google Scholar
Ferini, G. et al. Impressive results after ‘metabolism-guided’ lattice irradiation in patients submitted to palliative radiation therapy: preliminary results of LATTICE_01 multicenter study. Cancers 14, 3909 (2022).
Google Scholar
Grosu, A. L. et al. Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63, 511–519 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wang, H., Li, X., Xu, L. & Kuang, Y. PET/SPECT/spectral-CT/CBCT imaging in a small-animal radiation therapy platform: a Monte Carlo study-Part I: quad-modal imaging. Med. Phys. 51, 2941–2954 (2024).
Google Scholar
Tabassum, M. et al. Radiomics and machine learning in brain tumors and their habitat: a systematic review. Cancers 15, 3845 (2023).
Google Scholar
Wu, L. X. et al. Habitat analysis in tumor imaging: advancing precision medicine through radiomic subregion segmentation. Cancer Manag. Res. 17, 731–741 (2025).
Google Scholar
Leung, E. et al. Metabolic targeting of HIF-dependent glycolysis reduces lactate, increases oxygen consumption and enhances response to high-dose single-fraction radiotherapy in hypoxic solid tumors. BMC Cancer 17, 418 (2017).
Google Scholar
Telarovic, I., Wenger, R. H. & Pruschy, M. Interfering with tumor hypoxia for radiotherapy optimization. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 40, 197 (2021).
Google Scholar
Beddok, A. et al. Radiomics-driven personalized radiotherapy for primary and recurrent tumors: a general review with a focus on reirradiation. Cancer Radiother. 28, 597–602 (2024).
Google Scholar
Takashima, M. E., Berg, T. J. & Morris, Z. S. The effects of radiation dose heterogeneity on the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumor immunity. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 34, 262–271 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) using helical tomotherapy. J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 17, 396–407 (2016).
Google Scholar
Alanizy, N. A., Attalla, E. M., Abdelaal, A. M., Yassen, M. N. & Shafaa, M. W. Biological evaluation of grid versus 3D conformal radiotherapy in bulky head and neck cancer. J. Med. Phys. 47, 136–140 (2022).
Google Scholar
Fisk, M. et al. Development and optimisation of grid inserts for a preclinical radiotherapy system and corresponding Monte Carlo beam simulations. Phys. Med. Biol. 69, 055010 (2024).
Google Scholar
Das, I. J., Khan, A. U., Dogan, S. K. & Longo, M. Grid/lattice therapy: consideration of small field dosimetry. Br. J. Radiol. 97, 1088–1098 (2024).
Google Scholar
Acuña, M. I. et al. Mini-GRID therapy delivers optimised spatially fractionated radiation therapy using a flattening free filter accelerator. Commun. Med. 5, 101 (2025).
Google Scholar
Snider, J. W. et al. Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (GRID) prior to standard neoadjuvant conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for bulky, high-risk soft tissue and osteosarcomas: feasibility, safety, and promising pathologic response rates. Radiat. Res. 194, 707–714 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wang, K. et al. Grid spatially fractionated radiation therapy for bulky tumors: a large single institution experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. S0360-3016, 06150–06154 (2025).
Wu, X. et al. The technical and clinical implementation of LATTICE radiation therapy (LRT). Radiat. Res. 194, 737–746 (2020).
Google Scholar
Iori, F. et al. Lattice radiation therapy in clinical practice: a systematic review. Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 39, 100569 (2022).
Google Scholar
Suwa, T., Kobayashi, M., Nam, J. M. & Harada, H. Tumor microenvironment and radioresistance. Exp. Mol. Med. 53, 1029–1035 (2021).
Google Scholar
Botti, A. et al. LatticeOpt: an automatic tool for planning optimisation of spatially fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy. Phys. Med. 126, 104823 (2024).
Google Scholar
Iori, F. et al. How a very large sarcomatoid lung cancer was efficiently managed with lattice radiation therapy: a case report. Ann. Palliat. Med. 11, 3555–3561 (2022).
Google Scholar
Duriseti, S. et al. LITE SABR M1: a phase I trial of lattice stereotactic body radiotherapy for large tumors. Radiother. Oncol. 167, 317–322 (2022).
Google Scholar
Iori, F. et al. Spatially fractionated radiation therapy for palliation in patients with large cancers: a retrospective study. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 10, 101665 (2024).
Google Scholar
Price, A. T. et al. First treatments for lattice stereotactic body radiation therapy using magnetic resonance image guided radiation therapy. Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 39, 100577 (2023).
Google Scholar
Majercakova, K. et al. Role of spatially fractionated radiotherapy (LATTICE) treatment in inoperable bulky soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancers 17, 624 (2025).
Google Scholar
Ahmed, S. K. et al. Spatially fractionated radiation therapy in sarcomas: a large single-institution experience. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 9, 101401 (2023).
Google Scholar
Studer, G. et al. Diagnosis-related outcome following palliative spatially fractionated radiation therapy (lattice) of large tumors. Cancers 17, 2752 (2025).
Google Scholar
Jiang, L. et al. Combined high-dose lattice radiation therapy and immune checkpoint blockade for advanced bulky tumors: the concept and a case report. Front. Oncol. 10, 548132 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chen, H. et al. Reduced irradiation exposure areas enhanced anti-tumor effect by inducing DNA damage and preserving lymphocytes. Mol. Med. 30, 284 (2024).
Google Scholar
Tubin, S., Popper, H. H. & Brcic, L. Novel stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)-based partial tumor irradiation targeting hypoxic segment of bulky tumors (SBRT-PATHY): improvement of the radiotherapy outcome by exploiting the bystander and abscopal effects. Radiat. Oncol. 14, 21 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tubin, S. et al. Novel carbon ion and proton partial irradiation of recurrent unresectable bulky tumors (particle-PATHY): early indication of effectiveness and safety. Cancers 14, 2232 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tubin, S. et al. Mono-institutional phase 2 study of innovative stereotactic body radiotherapy targeting partial tumor hypoxic (SBRT-PATHY) clonogenic cells in unresectable bulky non-small cell lung cancer: profound non-targeted effects by sparing peri-tumoral immune microenvironment. Radiat. Oncol. 14, 212 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jouglar, E. et al. From pre-clinical studies to human treatment with proton-minibeam radiation therapy: adapted Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment and Long-term evaluation (IDEAL) framework for innovation in radiotherapy. Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 52, 100932 (2025).
Google Scholar
Reynolds, A. & Marignol, L. Microbeam radiation therapy for lung cancer: a review of experimental setups and biological endpoints in preclinical studies. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 101, 549–558 (2025).
Google Scholar
Ahmed, M. et al. Design and dosimetric characterization of a transportable proton minibeam collimation system. Front. Oncol. 14, 1473625 (2024).
Google Scholar
Yang, F., Wu, J., Orlandini, L. C., Li, H. & Wang, X. Proton minibeam radiotherapy: a review. Front. Oncol. 15, 1580513 (2025).
Google Scholar
Fazzari, J. et al. Spatially fractionated minibeam radiation delivered at clinically feasible dose rates induces transient vascular permeability. Sci. Rep. 15, 8210 (2025).
Google Scholar
Bertho, A. et al. Carbon minibeam radiation therapy results in tumor growth delay in an osteosarcoma murine model. Sci. Rep. 15, 7305 (2025).
Google Scholar
Kalbasi, A., June, C. H., Haas, N. & Vapiwala, N. Radiation and immunotherapy: a synergistic combination. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 2756–2763 (2013).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. & Mayr, N. A. (eds) Spatially Fractionated, Microbeam and FLASH Radiation Therapy: A Physics and Multi-Disciplinary Approach (IOP Publishing, 2023).
Prezado, Y. & Fois, G. R. Proton-minibeam radiation therapy: a proof of concept. Med. Phys. 40, 031712 (2013).
Google Scholar
Lamirault, C. et al. Short and long-term evaluation of the impact of proton minibeam radiation therapy on motor, emotional and cognitive functions. Sci. Rep. 10, 13511 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bertho, A. et al. First evaluation of temporal and spatial fractionation in proton minibeam radiation therapy of glioma-bearing rats. Cancers 13, 4865 (2021).
Google Scholar
Prezado, Y. et al. Tumor control in RG2 glioma-bearing rats: a comparison between proton minibeam therapy and standard proton therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 104, 266–271 (2019).
Google Scholar
Subramanian, N. et al. Superior anti-tumor response after microbeam and minibeam radiation therapy in a lung cancer mouse model. Cancers 17, 114 (2025).
Google Scholar
McGarrigle, J. M., Long, K. R. & Prezado, Y. On the significance of the different geometrical and dosimetric parameters in microbeam and minibeam radiation therapy: a retrospective evaluation. Front. Oncol. 14, 1449293 (2024).
Google Scholar
Potez, M. et al. Microbeam radiation therapy opens a several days’ vessel permeability window for small molecules in brain tumor vessels. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 119, 1506–1516 (2024).
Google Scholar
Trappetti, V. et al. Microbeam radiation therapy controls local growth of radioresistant melanoma and treats out-of-field locoregional metastasis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 114, 478–493 (2022).
Google Scholar
Eling, L. et al. Unexpected benefits of multiport synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy for brain tumors. Cancers 13, 936 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schültke, E. et al. A mouse model for microbeam radiation therapy of the lung. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 110, 521–525 (2021).
Google Scholar
Grams, M. P. et al. Clinical aspects of spatially fractionated radiation therapy treatments. Phys. Med. 111, 102616 (2023).
Google Scholar
Li, H. et al. Overview and recommendations for prospective multi-institutional spatially fractionated radiation therapy clinical trials. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 119, 737–749 (2024).
Google Scholar
Xu, P. et al. Spatially fractionated radiotherapy (lattice SFRT) in the palliative treatment of locally advanced bulky unresectable head and neck cancer. Clin. Transl. Radiat. Oncol. 48, 100830 (2024).
Google Scholar
Li, W. et al. Effectiveness and safety of lattice radiotherapy in treating large volume tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on single-arm clinical studies. Balk. Med. J. 42, 311–320 (2025).
Google Scholar
Grams, M. P. et al. Minibeam radiation therapy treatment (MBRT): commissioning and first clinical implementation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 120, 1423–1434 (2024).
Google Scholar
Adam, J. F. et al. Toward neuro-oncologic clinical trials of high-dose-rate synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy: first treatment of a spontaneous canine brain tumor. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 113, 967–973 (2022).
Google Scholar
Alfonso, J. C. L., Papaxenopoulou, L. A., Mascheroni, P., Meyer-Hermann, M. & Hatzikirou, H. On the immunological consequences of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. iScience 23, 100897 (2020).
Google Scholar
Reaz, F., Traneus, E. & Bassler, N. Tuning spatially fractionated radiotherapy dose profiles using the moiré effect. Sci. Rep. 14, 8468 (2024).
Google Scholar
Sun, J. et al. Radiation-induced liver injury: an overview. J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma 12, 2045–2054 (2025).
Google Scholar
Amendola, B. E., Perez, N. C., Mayr, N. A., Wu, X. & Amendola, M. Spatially fractionated radiation therapy using lattice radiation in far-advanced bulky cervical cancer: a clinical and molecular imaging and outcome study. Radiat. Res. 194, 724–736 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. et al. Initial experience of spatially fractionated lattice radiation therapy for palliative treatment of pediatric bulky tumors. Front. Oncol. 15, 1648847 (2025).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. et al. Fractionated grid therapy in treating cervical cancers: conventional fractionation or hypofractionation? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70, 280–288 (2008).
Google Scholar
Snider, J. W.II et al. The Radiosurgery Society Working Groups on GRID, LATTICE, microbeam, and FLASH radiotherapies: advancements symposium and subsequent progress made. Pract. Radiat. Oncol. 15, 300–307 (2025).
Google Scholar
Bergerud, K. M. B. et al. Radiation therapy and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: breaking down their cancerous partnership. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 119, 42–55 (2024).
Google Scholar
Patin, E. C. et al. Sculpting the tumour microenvironment by combining radiotherapy and ATR inhibition for curative-intent adjuvant immunotherapy. Nat. Commun. 15, 6923 (2024).
Google Scholar
Drew, Y., Zenke, F. T. & Curtin, N. J. DNA damage response inhibitors in cancer therapy: lessons from the past, current status and future implications. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 24, 19–39 (2025).
Google Scholar
Durante, M. & Formenti, S. Harnessing radiation to improve immunotherapy: better with particles? Br. J. Radiol. 93, 20190224 (2020).
Google Scholar
Durante, M. Kaplan lecture 2023: lymphopenia in particle therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 100, 669–677 (2024).
Google Scholar
Prezado, Y. et al. A potential renewed use of very heavy ions for therapy: neon minibeam radiation therapy. Cancers 13, 1356 (2021).
Google Scholar
Mayr, N. A.II et al.Practice patterns of spatially fractionated radiation therapy: a clinical practice survey. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 9, 101308 (2023).
Google Scholar
Cotterill, J. et al. Challenges for the implementation of primary standard dosimetry in proton minibeam radiation therapy. Cancers 16, 4013 (2024).
Google Scholar
Khan, A. U., Sengupta, B. & Das, I. J. The role of volume averaging effects, beam hardening, and phantom scatter in dosimetry of grid therapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 69, 225008 (2024).
Google Scholar
Karimi, A. H. et al. Beam quality and the mystery behind the lower percentage depth dose in grid radiation therapy. Sci. Rep. 14, 4510 (2024).
Google Scholar
Arous, D. et al. 2D mapping of radiation dose and clonogenic survival for accurate assessment of in vitro X-ray GRID irradiation effects. Phys. Med. Biol. 68, 025024 (2023).
Google Scholar
Ginn, J., Duriseti, S., Mazur, T., Spraker, M. & Kavanaugh, J. A dose accumulation assessment of alignment errors during spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Pract. Radiat. Oncol. 14, e283–e290 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. et al. Dosimetric validation for prospective clinical trial of GRID collimator-based spatially fractionated radiation therapy: dose metrics consistency and heterogeneous pattern reproducibility. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 118, 565–573 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kavanaugh, J. A. et al. LITE SABR M1: planning design and dosimetric endpoints for a phase I trial of lattice SBRT. Radiother. Oncol. 167, 172–178 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zhang, W. et al. Lattice position optimization for LATTICE therapy. Med. Phys. 50, 7359–7367 (2023).
Google Scholar
Gaudreault, M. et al. Development of an automated treatment planning approach for lattice radiation therapy. Med. Phys. 51, 682–693 (2024).
Google Scholar
Tucker, W. W. et al. Script-based implementation of automatic grid placement for lattice stereotactic body radiation therapy. Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 29, 100549 (2024).
Google Scholar
Zhu, Y. N., Zhang, W., Lin, Y. & Gao, H. Equivalent-uniform-dose optimization for spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 24, 15330338251380609 (2025).
Google Scholar
Clements, N., Bazalova-Carter, M. & Esplen, N. Monte Carlo optimization of a GRID collimator for preclinical megavoltage ultra-high dose rate spatially-fractionated radiation therapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 67, 185001 (2022).
Google Scholar
Macias-Verde, D., Burgos-Burgos, J. & Lara, P. C. Automated clinical dosimetry planning of dense lattice radiation therapy. Cancers 17, 2048 (2025).
Google Scholar
Khan, A. Z., Scholl, C. M., Henry, J. G. & Basran, P. S. A comparative study on radiosensitivity of canine osteosarcoma cell lines subjected to spatially fractionated radiotherapy. Radiat. Res. 202, 745–751 (2024).
Google Scholar
Casteloes, N., House, C. D. & Tambasco, M. A 3D co-culture scaffold approach to assess spatially fractionated radiotherapy bystander and abscopal immune effects on clonogenic survival. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26, 4436 (2025).
Google Scholar
Castorina, P., Castiglione, F., Ferini, G., Forte, S. & Martorana, E. Computational approach for spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) and immunological response in precision radiation therapy. J. Pers. Med. 14, 436 (2024).
Google Scholar
Chang, S. A journey to understand SFRT. Med. Phys. 50 (Suppl. 1), 40–44 (2023).
Google Scholar
Mayr, N. A.II et al. An international consensus on the design of prospective clinical-translational trials in spatially fractionated radiation therapy. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 7, 100866 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schuler, T. et al. Real-world implementation of simulation-free radiation therapy (SFRT-1000): a propensity score-matched analysis of 1000 consecutive palliative courses delivered in routine care. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 121, 585–595 (2025).
Google Scholar
Douglass, M., Eric, J. H. & Amato, J. Giaccia: radiobiology for the radiologist. Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 41, 1129–1130 (2018).
Google Scholar
Weichselbaum, R. R., Liang, H., Deng, L. & Fu, Y. X. Radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a beneficial liaison? Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 14, 365–379 (2017).
Google Scholar
