Weiser MR. AJCC 8th edition: colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:1454–5.
Google Scholar
Snaebjornsson P, Coupe VM, Jonasson L, Meijer GA, van Grieken NC, Jonasson JG. pT4 stage II and III colon cancers carry the worst prognosis in a nationwide survival analysis. Shepherd’s local peritoneal involvement revisited. Int J Cancer. 2014;135:467–78.
Google Scholar
Kim JH, Bae JM, Oh HJ, Lee HS, Kang GH. Pathologic factors associated with prognosis after adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II/III microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers. J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49:118–28.
Google Scholar
Klaver CEL, van Huijgevoort NCM, de Buck van Overstraeten A, Wolthuis AM, Tanis PJ, van der Bilt JDW, et al. Locally advanced colorectal cancer: true peritoneal tumor penetration is associated with peritoneal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:212–20.
Google Scholar
Alnabulsi A, Wang T, Pang W, Ionescu M, Craig SG, Humphries MP, et al. Identification of a prognostic signature in colorectal cancer using combinatorial algorithm-driven analysis. J Pathol Clin Res. 2022;8:245–56.
Google Scholar
Alves Martins BA, de Bulhoes GF, Cavalcanti IN, Martins MM, de Oliveira PG, Martins AMA. Biomarkers in colorectal cancer: the role of translational proteomics research. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1284.
Google Scholar
Williams CJM, Peddle AM, Kasi PM, Seligmann JF, Roxburgh CS, Middleton GW, et al. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for dMMR and pMMR colorectal cancers: therapeutic strategies and putative biomarkers of response. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2024;21:839–51.
Google Scholar
Li J, Ma X, Chakravarti D, Shalapour S, DePinho RA. Genetic and biological hallmarks of colorectal cancer. Genes Dev. 2021;35:787–820.
Google Scholar
The Cancer Genome Atlas NetworkComprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 2012;487:330–7.
Google Scholar
Niu L, Liu L, Cai J. A novel strategy for precise prognosis management and treatment option in colon adenocarcinoma with TP53 mutations. Front Surg. 2023;10:1079129.
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Su Z, Tavana O, Gu W. Understanding the complexity of p53 in a new era of tumor suppression. Cancer Cell. 2024;42:946–67.
Google Scholar
Engeland K. Cell cycle regulation: p53-p21-RB signaling. Cell Death Differ. 2022;29:946–60.
Google Scholar
Therachiyil L, Haroon J, Sahir F, Siveen KS, Uddin S, Kulinski M, et al. Dysregulated phosphorylation of p53, autophagy and stemness attributes the mutant p53 harboring colon cancer cells impaired sensitivity to oxaliplatin. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1744.
Google Scholar
Yu L, Wang G, Zhang Q, Gao L, Huang R, Chen Y, et al. Karyopherin alpha 2 expression is a novel diagnostic and prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett. 2017;13:1194–200.
Google Scholar
Christiansen A, Dyrskjot L. The functional role of the novel biomarker karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2013;331:18–23.
Google Scholar
Sakai M, Sohda M, Miyazaki T, Suzuki S, Sano A, Tanaka N, et al. Significance of karyopherin-alpha 2 (KPNA2) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2010;30:851–6.
Google Scholar
Otake S, Ogushi K, Dorjkhorloo G, Yokobori T, Nishi A, Kuwano H, et al. High tumoral KPNA2 expression is a potential biomarker for poor prognosis in advanced neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Diagn Progn. 2025;5:1–7.
Google Scholar
Kubo N, Araki K, Altan B, Hoshino K, Ishii N, Tsukagoshi M, et al. Enhanced karyopherin-alpha2 expression is associated with carcinogenesis in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Pancreatology. 2017;17:611–6.
Google Scholar
Tsukagoshi M, Araki K, Yokobori T, Altan B, Suzuki H, Kubo N, et al. Overexpression of karyopherin-alpha2 in cholangiocarcinoma correlates with poor prognosis and gemcitabine sensitivity via nuclear translocation of DNA repair proteins. Oncotarget. 2017;8:42159–72.
Google Scholar
Altan B, Yokobori T, Mochiki E, Ohno T, Ogata K, Ogawa A, et al. Nuclear karyopherin-alpha2 expression in primary lesions and metastatic lymph nodes was associated with poor prognosis and progression in gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34:2314–21.
Google Scholar
Zhou LN, Tan Y, Li P, Zeng P, Chen MB, Tian Y, et al. Prognostic value of increased KPNA2 expression in some solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8:303–14.
Google Scholar
Takada T, Tsutsumi S, Takahashi R, Ohsone K, Tatsuki H, Suto T, et al. KPNA2 over-expression is a potential marker of prognosis and therapeutic sensitivity in colorectal cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113:213–7.
Google Scholar
Feng Q, Song Q, Han B, Deng Z, Yu R, Liang J. KPNA2 promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression by inducing glycolysis-assisted MYC nuclear translocation. Cytotechnology. 2025;77:158.
Google Scholar
Tseng SF, Chang CY, Wu KJ, Teng SC. Importin KPNA2 is required for proper nuclear localization and multiple functions of NBS1. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:39594–600.
Google Scholar
Drucker E, Holzer K, Pusch S, Winkler J, Calvisi DF, Eiteneuer E, et al. Karyopherin alpha2-dependent import of E2F1 and TFDP1 maintains protumorigenic stathmin expression in liver cancer. Cell Commun Signal. 2019;17:159.
Google Scholar
Gartel AL, Shchors K. Mechanisms of c-myc-mediated transcriptional repression of growth arrest genes. Exp Cell Res. 2003;283:17–21.
Google Scholar
Shi C, Sun L, Liu S, Zhang E, Song Y. Overexpression of karyopherin subunit alpha 2 (KPNA2) predicts unfavorable prognosis and promotes bladder cancer tumorigenicity via the P53 pathway. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e921087.
Google Scholar
Gao L, Yu L, Li CM, Li Y, Jia BL, Zhang B. Karyopherin alpha2 induces apoptosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL-27 cells through the p53 pathway. Oncol Rep. 2016;35:3357–62.
Google Scholar
Lin F, Gao L, Su Z, Cao X, Zhan Y, Li Y, et al. Knockdown of KPNA2 inhibits autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines by blocking p53 nuclear translocation. Oncol Rep. 2018;40:179–94.
Google Scholar
Osakabe M, Yamada N, Sugimoto R, Uesugi N, Nakao E, Honda M, et al. The pattern-based interpretation of p53 immunohistochemical expression as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch. 2025;486:333–41.
Google Scholar
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9:676–82.
Google Scholar
Aleskandarany MA, Green AR, Ashankyty I, Elmouna A, Diez-Rodriguez M, Nolan CC, et al. Impact of intratumoural heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;158:287–95.
Google Scholar
Huang L, Wang HY, Li JD, Wang JH, Zhou Y, Luo RZ, et al. KPNA2 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in epithelial ovarian carcinoma through upregulation of c-Myc and downregulation of FOXO3a. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e745.
Google Scholar
Duan M, Hu F, Li D, Wu S, Peng N. Silencing KPNA2 inhibits IL-6-induced breast cancer exacerbation by blocking NF-kappaB signaling and c-Myc nuclear translocation in vitro. Life Sci. 2020;253:117736.
Google Scholar
Li J, Liu Q, Liu Z, Xia Q, Zhang Z, Zhang R, et al. KPNA2 promotes metabolic reprogramming in glioblastomas by regulation of c-myc. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018;37:194.
Google Scholar
Wu S, Cetinkaya C, Munoz-Alonso MJ, von der Lehr N, Bahram F, Beuger V, et al. Myc represses differentiation-induced p21CIP1 expression via Miz-1-dependent interaction with the p21 core promoter. Oncogene. 2003;22:351–60.
Google Scholar
Nishimura M, Takizawa Y, Nozawa K, Kurumizaka H. Structural basis for p53 binding to its nucleosomal target DNA sequence. PNAS Nexus. 2022;1:pgac177.
Google Scholar
Yan S, Zhan F, He Y, Zhu Y, Ma Z. p53 in colorectal cancer: from a master player to a privileged therapy target. J Transl Med. 2025;23:684.
Google Scholar
Khakwani M, Ji XY, Khattak S, Sun YC, Yao K, Zhang L. Targeting colorectal cancer at the level of nuclear pore complex. J Adv Res. 2025;70:423–44.
Google Scholar
Wagstaff KM, Sivakumaran H, Heaton SM, Harrich D, Jans DA. Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin alpha/beta-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. Biochem J. 2012;443:851–6.
Google Scholar
Han F, Zhang L, Liao S, Zhang Y, Qian L, Hou F, et al. The interaction between S100A2 and KPNA2 mediates NFYA nuclear import and is a novel therapeutic target for colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncogene. 2022;41:657–70.
Google Scholar
Ravizza R, Gariboldi MB, Passarelli L, Monti E. Role of the p53/p21 system in the response of human colon carcinoma cells to Doxorubicin. BMC Cancer. 2004;4:92.
Google Scholar
Chung S, Kijima K, Kudo A, Fujisawa Y, Harada Y, Taira A, et al. Preclinical evaluation of biomarkers associated with antitumor activity of MELK inhibitor. Oncotarget. 2016;7:18171–82.
Google Scholar
Zhao H, Yu J, Peltier CP, Davie JR. Elevated expression of the estrogen receptor prevents the down-regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 in hormone dependent breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2004;93:619–28.
Google Scholar
Mandal S, Davie JR. Estrogen regulated expression of the p21 Waf1/Cip1 gene in estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol. 2010;224:28–32.
Google Scholar
Fiorelli G, Picariello L, Martineti V, Tonelli F, Brandi ML. Functional estrogen receptor beta in colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;261:521–7.
Google Scholar
Arai N, Strom A, Rafter JJ, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta mRNA in colon cancer cells: growth effects of estrogen and genistein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;270:425–31.
Google Scholar
Ghannam-Shahbari D, Jacob E, Kakun RR, Wasserman T, Korsensky L, Sternfeld O, et al. PAX8 activates a p53-p21-dependent pro-proliferative effect in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Oncogene. 2018;37:2213–24.
Google Scholar
Jeong D, Kim H, Ban S, Oh S, Ji S, Kim D, et al. Karyopherin alpha-2 is a reliable marker for identification of patients with high-risk stage II colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143:2493–503.
Google Scholar
Sargent DJ, Wieand HS, Haller DG, Gray R, Benedetti JK, Buyse M, et al. Disease-free survival versus overall survival as a primary end point for adjuvant colon cancer studies: individual patient data from 20,898 patients on 18 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8664–70.
Google Scholar
Kim KM, Ahn AR, Park HS, Jang KY, Moon WS, Kang MJ, et al. Clinical significance of p53 protein expression and TP53 variation status in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2022;22:940.
Google Scholar

