Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–63. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834.
Google Scholar
Han B, Zheng R, Zeng H, Wang S, Sun K, Chen R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent. 2024;4:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jncc.2024.01.006.
Google Scholar
Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, Harewood R, Matz M, Nikšić M, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet. 2018;391:1023–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3.
Google Scholar
Jia G, Fu Y, Zhao X, Dai Q, Zheng G, Yang Y, et al. N6-methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO. Nat Chem Biol. 2011;7:885–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.687.
Google Scholar
Gregory RI, Yan KP, Amuthan G, Chendrimada T, Doratotaj B, Cooch N, et al. The Microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature. 2004;432:235–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03120.
Google Scholar
Li Z, Weng H, Su R, Weng X, Zuo Z, Li C, et al. FTO plays an oncogenic role in acute myeloid leukemia as an N6-methyladenosine RNA demethylase. Cancer Cell. 2017;31:127–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.017.
Google Scholar
Su R, Dong L, Li Y, Gao M, Han L, Wunderlich M, et al. Targeting FTO suppresses cancer stem cell maintenance and immune evasion. Cancer Cell. 2020;38:79–96.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.017.
Google Scholar
Huang Y, Su R, Sheng Y, Dong L, Dong Z, Xu H, et al. Small-molecule targeting of oncogenic FTO demethylase in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell. 2019;35:677–91.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2019.03.006.
Google Scholar
Li X, Xie X, Gu Y, Zhang J, Song J, Cheng X, et al. Fat mass and obesity-associated protein regulates tumorigenesis of arecoline-promoted human oral carcinoma. Cancer Med. 2021;10:6402–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.4188.
Google Scholar
Wang C, Xu YH, Xu HZ, Li K, Zhang Q, Shi L, et al. PD-L1 blockade TAM-dependently potentiates mild photothermal therapy against triple-negative breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnology. 2023;21:476. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-02240-3.
Google Scholar
Zhao X, Yang Y, Sun BF, Shi Y, Yang X, Xiao W, et al. FTO-dependent demethylation of N6-methyladenosine regulates mRNA splicing and is required for adipogenesis. Cell Res. 2014;24:1403–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2014.151.
Google Scholar
Xie X, Tian L, Zhao Y, Liu F, Dai S, Gu X, et al. BACH1-induced ferroptosis drives lymphatic metastasis by repressing the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-05571-z.
Google Scholar
Chen P, Li S, Zhang K, Zhao R, Cui J, Zhou W, et al. N6-methyladenosine demethylase ALKBH5 suppresses malignancy of esophageal cancer by regulating microRNA biogenesis and RAI1 expression. Oncogene. 2021;40:5600–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-021-01966-4.
Google Scholar
Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF, Hannon GJ. Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex. Nature. 2004;432:231–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03049.
Google Scholar
Han J, Lee Y, Yeom KH, Kim YK, Jin H, Kim VN. The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing. Genes Dev. 2004;18:3016–27. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1262504.
Google Scholar
Monoe Y, Jingushi K, Taniguchi K, Hirosuna K, Arima J, Inomata Y, et al. Cancer-specific RNA modifications in tumour-derived extracellular vesicles promote tumour growth. J Extracell Vesicles. 2025;14:e70083. https://doi.org/10.1002/jev2.70083.
Google Scholar
Li S, Zhou J, Wang S, Yang Q, Nie S, Ji C, et al. N6-methyladenosine-regulated exosome biogenesis orchestrates an immunosuppressive pre-metastatic niche in gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis. Cancer Commun. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70034.
Google Scholar
Qiao Y, Su M, Zhao H, Liu H, Wang C, Dai X, et al. Targeting FTO induces colorectal cancer ferroptotic cell death by decreasing SLC7A11/GPX4 expression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2024;43:108 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-024-03032-9.
Google Scholar
Huang J, Sun W, Wang Z, Lv C, Zhang T, Zhang D, et al. FTO suppresses glycolysis and growth of papillary thyroid cancer via decreasing the stability of APOE mRNA in an N6-methyladenosine-dependent manner. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41:42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-022-02254-z.
Google Scholar
Jeschke J, Collignon E, Al Wardi C, Krayem M, Bizet M, Jia Y, et al. Downregulation of the FTO m6A RNA demethylase promotes EMT-mediated progression of epithelial tumors and sensitivity to Wnt inhibitors. Nat Cancer. 2021;2:611–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-021-00223-7.
Google Scholar
Cui Y, Zhang C, Ma S, Li Z, Wang W, Li Y, et al. RNA m6A demethylase FTO-mediated epigenetic up-regulation of LINC00022 promotes tumorigenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021;40:294 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-021-02096-1.
Google Scholar
Nan Y, Liu S, Luo Q, Wu X, Zhao P, Chang W, et al. m6A demethylase FTO stabilizes LINK-A to exert oncogenic roles via MCM3-mediated cell-cycle progression and HIF-1α activation. Cell Rep. 2023;42:113273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113273.
Google Scholar
Alarcón CR, Lee H, Goodarzi H, Halberg N, Tavazoie SF. N6-methyladenosine marks primary microRNAs for processing. Nature. 2015;519:482–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14281.
Google Scholar
Alarcón CR, Goodarzi H, Lee H, Liu X, Tavazoie S, Tavazoie SF. HNRNPA2B1 is a mediator of m(6)A-dependent nuclear RNA processing events. Cell. 2015;162:1299–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.011.
Google Scholar
Li C, Wu X, Yang Y, Shi J, Wang S, Li J, et al. METTL14 and FTO mediated m6A modification regulate PCV2 replication by affecting miR-30a-5p maturity. Virulence. 2023;14:2232910. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2023.2232910.
Google Scholar
Wu S, Tang W, Liu L, Wei K, Tang Y, Ma J, et al. Obesity-induced downregulation of miR-192 exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by promoting macrophage activation. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2024;29:36 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-024-00558-w.
Google Scholar
Fischer KR, Durrans A, Lee S, Sheng J, Li F, Wong ST, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is not required for lung metastasis but contributes to chemoresistance. Nature. 2015;527:472–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15748.
Google Scholar
Hur K, Toiyama Y, Takahashi M, Balaguer F, Nagasaka T, Koike J, et al. MicroRNA-200c modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human colorectal cancer metastasis. Gut. 2013;62:1315–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301846.
Google Scholar
Matissek SJ, Elsawa SF. GLI3: a mediator of genetic diseases, development and cancer. Cell Commun Signal. 2020;18:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-020-00540-x.
Google Scholar
Verhoeven Y, Tilborghs S, Jacobs J, De Waele J, Quatannens D, Deben C, et al. The potential and controversy of targeting STAT family members in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020;60:41–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.002.
Google Scholar
Zhang JX, Tong ZT, Yang L, Wang F, Chai HP, Zhang F, et al. PITX2: a promising predictive biomarker of patients’ prognosis and chemoradioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2013;132:2567–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27930.
Google Scholar
Watanabe J, Clutter MR, Gullette MJ, Sasaki T, Uchida E, Kaur S, et al. BET bromodomain inhibition potentiates radiosensitivity in models of H3K27-altered diffuse midline glioma. J Clin Investig. 2024;134:e174794. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI174794.
Google Scholar
Qin S, Xie B, Wang Q, Yang R, Sun J, Hu C, et al. New insights into immune cells in cancer immunotherapy: from epigenetic modification, metabolic modulation to cell communication. MedComm. 2024;5:e551. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.551.
Google Scholar
Han Z, Niu T, Chang J, Lei X, Zhao M, Wang Q, et al. Crystal structure of the FTO protein reveals the basis for its substrate specificity. Nature. 2010;464:1205–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08921.
Google Scholar
Huang Y, Yan J, Li Q, Li J, Gong S, Zhou H, et al. Meclofenamic acid selectively inhibits FTO demethylation of m6A over ALKBH5. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:373–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku1276.
Google Scholar
Peng S, Xiao W, Ju D, Sun B, Hou N, Liu Q, et al. Identification of entacapone as a chemical inhibitor of FTO mediating metabolic regulation through FOXO1. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11:eaau7116. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7116.
Google Scholar
