Griebling TL. Urologic diseases in America project: trends in resource use for urinary tract infections in men. J Urol. 2005;173:1288–94.
Google Scholar
Foxman B. Urinary tract infection syndromes: occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28:1–13.
Google Scholar
Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, et al. Global cancer observatory: cancer tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer [Internet]; 2024. Lyon, France; 2024 [cited 2024 Dec 11]. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow. Accessed 11 Dec 2024.
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–63.
Google Scholar
Nørgaard M, Mailhac A, Fagerlund K, Strunz-McKendry T, Agerbæk M, Jensen JB. Treatment patterns, survival, and healthcare utilisation and costs in patients with locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer in Denmark 2015–2020. Acta Oncol. 2023;62:1784–90.
Google Scholar
Sundaram M, Song Y, Rogerio JW, Zhang S, Bhattacharya R, Adejoro O, et al. Clinical and economic burdens of recurrence following nephrectomy for intermediate high- or high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2022;28:1149–60.
Google Scholar
Søgaard KK, Veres K, Nørgaard M, Djurhuus JC, Sørensen HT. Pyelonephritis in persons after age 50 as a clinical marker of urogenital cancer. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:87–91.
Google Scholar
Parker AS, Cerhan JR, Lynch CF, Leibovich BC, Cantor KP. History of urinary tract infection and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:42–8.
Google Scholar
Fan C-Y, Huang W-Y, Lin K-T, Lin C-S, Chao H-L, Yang J-F, et al. Lower urinary tract infection and subsequent risk of prostate cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0168254.
Google Scholar
Kreiger N, Marrett LD, Dodds L, Hilditch S, Darlington GA. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 1993;4:101–10.
Google Scholar
McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS, Blot WJ, Schuman LM, Mehl ES, Fraumeni JF. A population-based case-control study of renal cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;72:275–84.
Google Scholar
Sun L, Lin C, Liang J, Liu S, Sung F, Chang Y, et al. Urinary tract infection increases subsequent urinary tract cancer risk: a population-based cohort study. Cancer Sci. 2013;104:619–23.
Google Scholar
Vermeulen SH, Hanum N, Grotenhuis AJ, Castaño-Vinyals G, Van Der Heijden AG, Aben KK, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer in the Nijmegen bladder cancer study. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:594–600.
Google Scholar
Kjerulff B, Kaspersen KA, Dinh KM, Boldsen J, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup LT, et al. Smoking is associated with infection risk in healthy blood donors. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29:506–14.
Google Scholar
Papavasileiou G, Tsilingiris D, Spyrou N, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Magkos F, et al. Obesity and main urologic cancers: current systematic evidence, novel biological mechanisms, perspectives and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol. 2023;91:70–98.
Google Scholar
Pugliese G, Liccardi A, Graziadio C, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A. Obesity and infectious diseases: pathophysiology and epidemiology of a double pandemic condition. Int J Obes. 2022;46:449–65.
Google Scholar
Kumar R, Matulewicz R, Mari A, Moschini M, Ghodoussipour S, Pradere B, et al. Impact of smoking on urologic cancers: a snapshot of current evidence. World J Urol. 2023;41:1473–9.
Google Scholar
Lax AJ, Thomas W. How bacteria could cause cancer: one step at a time. Trends Microbiol. 2002;10:293–9.
Google Scholar
Karin M, Greten FR. NF-κB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:749–59.
Google Scholar
Nesi G, Nobili S, Cai T, Caini S, Santi R. Chronic inflammation in urothelial bladder cancer. Virchows Arch. 2015;467:623–33.
Google Scholar
Jiang X, Castelao JE, Groshen S, Cortessis VK, Shibata D, Conti DV, et al. Urinary tract infections and reduced risk of bladder cancer in Los Angeles. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:834–9.
Google Scholar
Kantor AF, Hartge P, Hoover RN, Narayana AS, Sullivan JW, Fraumeni JF. Urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119:510–5.
Google Scholar
Akhtar S, Al-Shammari A, Al-Abkal J. Chronic urinary tract infection and bladder carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis of case–control and cohort studies. World J Urol. 2018;36:839–48.
Google Scholar
Bayne CE, Farah D, Herbst KW, Hsieh MH. Role of urinary tract infection in bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol. 2018;36:1181–90.
Google Scholar
McCredie M, Stewart JH. Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales, Australia. II. Urologic disease, hypertension, obesity, and hormonal factors. Cancer Causes Control. 1992;3:323–31.
Google Scholar
Schlehofer B, Pommer W, Mellemgaard A, Stewart JH, McCredie M, Niwa S, et al. International renal-cell-cancer study. VI. The role of medical and family history. Int J Cancer. 1996;66:723–6.
Google Scholar
Talamini R, Barón AE, Barra S, Bidoli E, La Vecchia C, Negri E, et al. A case-control study of risk factor for renal cell cancer in northern Italy. Cancer Causes Control. 1990;1:125–31.
Google Scholar
Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Negri E, Franceschi S, Vecchia CL. Genital and urinary tract diseases and prostate cancer risk. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15:254.
Google Scholar
Pottegård A, Kristensen KB, Friis S, Hallas J, Jensen JB, Nørgaard M. Urinary tract infections and risk of squamous cell carcinoma bladder cancer: a Danish nationwide case–control study. Int J Cancer. 2020;146:1930–6.
Google Scholar
Jansåker F, Li X, Sundquist K. Acute cystitis and subsequent risk of urogenital cancer: a national cohort study from Sweden. BMJ Public Health. 2025;3:e002495.
Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Singh H, Hamilton W, Archer S, Tan S, Brimicombe J, et al. Improving the diagnostic process for patients with possible bladder and kidney cancer: a mixed-methods study to identify potential missed diagnostic opportunities. Br J Gen Pract. 2023;73:e575–85.
Google Scholar
Foxman B. Urinary tract infection syndromes. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28:1–13.
Google Scholar
Bilsen MP, Jongeneel RMH, Schneeberger C, Platteel TN, Van Nieuwkoop C, Mody L, et al. Definitions of urinary tract infection in current research: a systematic review. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10:ofad332.
Google Scholar
Malik RD, Wu YR, Zimmern PE. Definition of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: which one to adopt?. Urogynecology. 2018;24:424.
Ljungberg B, Albiges L, Bedke J, Bex A, Capitanio U, Giles R. EAU Guidelines. Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Madrid, Spain 2025. [Internet]. EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands; https://uroweb.org/guidelines
Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Adelborg K, Sundbøll J, Laugesen K, Ehrenstein V, et al. The Danish health care system and epidemiological research: from health care contacts to database records. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:563–91.
Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT. The Danish Civil Registration System as a tool in epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29:541–9.
Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Sandegaard JL, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT. The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:449–90.
Storm HH, Michelsen EV, Clemmensen IH, Pihl J. The Danish cancer registry history, content, quality and use. Dan Med Bull. 1997;44:535–8.
Google Scholar
Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.
Google Scholar
Charlson ME, Carrozzino D, Guidi J, Patierno C. Charlson comorbidity index: a critical review of clinimetric properties. Psychother Psychosom. 2022;91:8–35.
Google Scholar
Pottegård A, Schmidt SAJ, Wallach-Kildemoes H, Sørensen HT, Hallas J, Schmidt M. Data resource profile: the Danish national prescription registry. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:798–798f.
Google Scholar
Satagopan JM, Ben-Porat L, Berwick M, Robson M, Kutler D, Auerbach AD. A note on competing risks in survival data analysis. Br J Cancer. 2004;91:1229–35.
Google Scholar
Rothman KJ, Boice HD, Austin H. Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator. 2nd edn. Epidemiology Resources, Incorporated; 1982.
World Medical AssociationWorld Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191–4.
Google Scholar
Funston G, Moullet M, Mounce L, Lyratzopoulos G, Walter FM, Zhou Y. Pre-diagnostic prescription patterns in bladder and renal cancer: a longitudinal linked data study. Br J Gen Pr. 2024;74:e149–55.
Google Scholar
Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:269–84.
Google Scholar
Parkin DM. The global burden of urinary bladder cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2008;42:12–20.
Google Scholar
Cohn JA, Vekhter B, Lyttle C, Steinberg GD, Large MC. Sex disparities in diagnosis of bladder cancer after initial presentation with hematuria: a nationwide claims-based investigation. Cancer. 2014;120:555–61.
Google Scholar
Zhou Y, van Melle M, Singh H, Hamilton W, Lyratzopoulos G, Walter FM. Quality of the diagnostic process in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of bladder or kidney cancer: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e029143.
Google Scholar
Welch HG, Black WC. Overdiagnosis in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:605–13.
Google Scholar
Damhus CS, Siersma V, Birkmose AR, Dalton SO, Brodersen J. Use and diagnostic outcomes of cancer patient pathways in Denmark—is the place of initial diagnostic work-up an important factor?. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22:130.
Google Scholar

